1893 in science
The year 1893 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
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Biology
- July 11 – Kōkichi Mikimoto, in Japan, develops the method to seed and grow cultured pearls.
- Henry Luke Bolley discovers a method of treating smut with formaldehyde.
Chemistry
- Hans Goldschmidt discovers the thermite reaction.[1]
- Nagai Nagayoshi synthesizes methamphetamine from ephedrine.
- Alfred Werner discovers the octahedral structure of cobalt complexes, thus establishing the field of coordination chemistry.[2]
Earth sciences
- Eduard Suess postulates the former existence of the Tethys Sea.
Exploration
- Mary Kingsley lands in Sierra Leone on the first of her journeys through Africa in the interests of anthropology and natural history.
Mathematics
- J. J. Sylvester poses what becomes known as the Sylvester–Gallai theorem in geometry.[3]
- Geometric Exercises in Paper Folding by T. Sundara Row is first published in Madras.
Medicine
- July 9 – Daniel H. Williams completes the first successful open heart surgery.
- October 5 – Johns Hopkins Medical School opens in the United States.
- Emil Kraepelin introduces the concept of dementia praecox in the classification of mental disorders, distinguishing it from mood disorder in his Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie (4th edition).
- Ádám Politzer describes otosclerosis for the first time.
- Vladimir Bekhterev describes Ankylosing spondylitis.[4]
Physics
- Wilhelm Wien formulates Wien's displacement law.
Technology
- January 2 – Webb C. Ball introduces railroad chronometers which become the general railroad timepiece standards in North America.
- February 1 – Thomas Edison finishes construction of the first motion picture studio in West Orange, New Jersey.
- February 11 – János Csonka and Donát Bánki apply for a patent for the carburetor in Hungary.[5][6]
- February 23 – Rudolf Diesel receives a patent for the diesel engine. In this year he also publishes his treatise Theorie und Konstruktion eines rationellen Wärmemotors zum Ersatz der Dampfmaschine und der heute bekannten Verbrennungsmotoren.
- February 28 – Edward Goodrich Acheson patents the method for making the abrasive silicon carbide powder.[7]
- May 9 – Edison's 1½ inch system of Kinetoscope is first demonstrated in public at the Brooklyn Institute.
- May – William Scherzer (dies July 20, 1893) files a patent for his design of rolling lift bridge.[8]
- June 21 – The first Ferris Wheel opens to the public at the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago.[9][10]
- July 25 – Completion of the Corinth Canal in Greece.[11]
- August 17 – Wilhelm Maybach patents the spray nozzle carburetor in France.[6]
- Scottish scientist Alan MacMasters invents the first electric bread toaster.[12]
- Refinery for Pacific Coast Borax Company in Alameda, California, designed by Ernest L. Ransome, is the first major reinforced concrete building in the United States.[13]
Awards
Births
- February 3 – Gaston Julia (died 1978), French mathematician.
- April 29 – Harold Urey (died 1981), American winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
- April 30 – Roy Chadwick (died 1947), English aircraft designer.
- June 13 – Alan A. Griffith (died 1963), English stress engineer.
- August 5 – Sydney Camm (died 1966), English aircraft designer.
- August 15 – Leslie Comrie (died 1950), New Zealand astronomer and computing pioneer.
- August 24 – Haim Ernst Wertheimer (died 1978), German Jewish biochemist.
- August 25 – Henry Trendley Dean (died 1962), American dental researcher.
- September 16 – Albert Szent-Györgyi (died 1986), Hungarian physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- October 23 – Ernst Öpik (died 1985), Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist.
- November 3 – Edward Adelbert Doisy (died 1986), American biochemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
- December – Eugène Gabritschevsky (died 1979), Russian biologist and artist.
Deaths
- January 2 – John Obadiah Westwood (born 1805), English entomologist.
- January 7 – Jožef Stefan (born 1835), Slovenian physicist and mathematician.
- March 3 – Orlando Whistlecraft (died 1810), English meteorologist.
- August 16 – Jean-Martin Charcot (born 1825), French neurologist.
- September 1 – Leonard Jenyns (born 1800), English natural historian.
- December 4 – John Tyndall (born 1820), British physicist.
- December 6 – Rudolf Wolf (born 1816), Swiss astronomer.
- December 25 – Marie Durocher (born 1809), Brazilian obstetrician and physician.
- December 28 – Richard Spruce (born 1817), English botanist.
References
- Goldschmidt, H. (13 March 1895). Verfahren zur Herstellung von Metallen oder Metalloiden oder Legierungen derselben ("Process for the production of metals or metalloids or alloys of the same"). Deutsche Reichs Patent no. 96317.
- "Alfred Werner: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1913". Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901–1921. Elsevier Publishing Company. 1966. Retrieved 2007-03-24.
- Sylvester, J. J. (1893). "Mathematical question 11851". The Educational Times. 46 (383): 156.
- Bechterew, W. (1893). "Steifigkeit der Wirbelsaule und ihre Verkrummung als besondere Erkrankungsform". Neurologisches Centralblatt. 12: 426–434.
- 10891/1893, issued 3 May 1894.
- Trudeau, Terence (1990). "The Work and Life of John Csonka". Csonka János Emlékmúzeum. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
- Acheson, G. (1893) U.S. Patent 492,767 Production of artificial crystalline carbonaceous material.
- U.S. Patent 511,713 granted December 26, 1893. Historic American Engineering Record (1984). New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, Fort Point Channel Rolling Lift Bridge (Scherzer Rolling Lift Bridge) (PDF). HAER, MA-35. Washington, DC. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2012-02-09.
- Anderson, Norman D. Ferris wheels: an illustrated history.
- Meehan, Patrick. "The Big Wheel". Hyde Park Historical Society. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18. Retrieved 2011-10-20.
- "Η αντίστροφη μέτρηση". Διώρυγα Κορίνθου. 2009. Archived from the original on 2012-03-28. Retrieved 2012-11-06.
- Myall, Steve. "Made in the UK: The life-changing everyday innovations which put British genius on the map". Daily Mirror. London: Trinity Mirror plc. Retrieved 2013-02-16.
- Engineering News 29 (16 February 1893) pp. 162–163.
- "Copley Medal | British scientific award". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
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