1976 Republican Party presidential primaries

1976 Republican Party presidential primaries
	January 19 to June 8, 1976
	January 19 to June 8, 1976
2,259 delegates to the Republican National Convention; 1,130 votes needed to win
	First place finishes by convention roll call
Previous Republican nominee; Richard Nixon;	Republican nominee ; Gerald Ford;

The 1976 Republican presidential primaries were a series of contests held to elect delegates to the 1976 Republican National Convention, held in Kansas City, Missouri, from August 16 to August 19, to nominate a candidate for President of the United States in the 1976 election.

The major candidates were incumbent President Gerald Ford and former Governor of California Ronald Reagan. After a series of primary elections and caucuses, neither secured a majority of the delegates before the convention.

The 1976 election marks the first time that Republican primaries or caucuses were held in every state; the Democrats had done so in 1972. It was also the last election in which the Republican nominee was undetermined at the start of the party's national convention.

Background

August 1974 – February 1975: The Ford presidency begins

Following the Watergate scandal and resignation of President Richard Nixon, Vice President Gerald Ford was elevated to president on August 9, 1974. Because Ford had been appointed vice president by Nixon following the resignation of Spiro Agnew from the position, he became the only president inaugurated without having been previously voted into either the presidential or vice presidential office by the Electoral College.

On September 8, Ford's first major act in office was to grant a full and unconditional pardon for any crimes Richard Nixon might have committed against the United States while President. Following his pardon of Nixon, Ford's approval ratings among the American public dropped precipitously. Within a week, his approval rating fell from 69 percent to 49, the steepest decline in history.[2]^:284–285

The economy was in dire condition upon Ford's elevation, marked by the worst peacetime inflation in American history and the highest interest rates in a century. The Dow Jones had declined 43 percent from October 1973 to September 1974.[2]^:280 To combat inflation, Ford first proposed a tax increase and later, in response to Democratic calls for a permanent cut in taxes, a temporary moderate decrease. Reagan publicly criticized both proposals.[2]^:414

Race and education divided public opinion, especially over issues such as forced integration and changes to public school curriculum. Political violence over education policy broke out in Boston and Charleston, West Virginia. Abortion also became a nationally salient issue after the Supreme Court's Roe v. Wade decision, which was announced two days after Nixon's resignation and struck down state restrictions on abortion nationwide.

In the 1974 midterm elections, the Democratic Party dramatically expanded its majorities in both the House and Senate. The elections were seen as a referendum on the Republican Party post-Watergate and on the political establishment more generally. Newly-elected members of Congress became known as "Watergate Babies" and aggressively pursued procedural and oversight reforms.

During this period, Ronald Reagan concluded his second term in office as Governor of California. His administration was marked by efforts to dismantle the welfare state and a high-profile crackdown on urban crime and left-wing dissent, especially at the University of California, Berkeley. He also led an effort to enforce the state's capital punishment laws but was blocked by the California Supreme Court in the People v. Anderson decision. Following Reagan's retirement from office in January 1975, he began hosting a national radio show and writing a national newspaper column.

March–July 1975: Conservatives revolt and Reagan rises

Conservative opposition to Ford within the Republican Party began to surface in December 1974, following his appointment of New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller as vice president. For more than a decade, Rockefeller had represented the party's liberal establishment, and the appointment faced immediate criticism from right-wing senators like Jesse Helms, Barry Goldwater and John Tower, though Rockefeller's confirmation in the Senate was largely undeterred.[2]^:308–309

Discontent reached a fever pitch at the second annual Conservative Political Action Conference in February. Speaking there, Reagan dismissed calls to seek the presidency on a third-party ticket: "Is it a third party that we need, or is it a new and revitalized second party, raising a banner of no pale pastels, but bold colors which could make it unmistakably clear where we stand on all the issues troubling the people?" Speakers at CPAC also criticized Ford administration policy, Vice President Rockefeller, and First Lady Betty Ford's public campaign in support of abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment. In March, discussion began to build around Reagan's presidential prospects following an appearance on The Tonight Show and a profile in Newsweek that called him, "the most kinetic single presence in American political life." In defense, the administration drafted a letter of support for President Ford that received the signatures of 113 of 145 GOP Representatives and 31 of 38 Senators.[2]^:440–442 Ford formally announced he would run for election on July 8.

President Ford's snub of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn drew criticism from conservative Cold War hawks, including Ronald Reagan

More than any domestic issue in 1975, foreign policy drove a wedge between the President and his conservative critics. Following the American evacuation of Saigon and the collapse of South Vietnam, these criticisms grew vociferous. On his radio show, Reagan compared the withdrawal from Saigon to the Munich Agreement and warned that it would "tempt the Soviet Union as it once tempted Hitler and the military rulers of Japan."[2]^:432 While Ford regained some support from conservatives following the rescue of the SS Mayaguez in Cambodia,[2]^:464–5 he soon drew the ire of the party's right wing with a series of foreign policy moves designed to improve relations with the Soviet Union.

First, President Ford refused to meet with Soviet dissident Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn on his visit to the United States on June 21. In response, Reagan publicly criticized Ford by name for the first time in his national newspaper column, contrasting the popular Solzhenitsyn to other "guests the President had entertained in the White House, "the Strawberry Queen of West Virginia and the Maid of Cotton."[2]^:488 The day after this column ran, Senator Paul Laxalt announced the formation of a committee named "Friends of Ronald Reagan,"[2]^:489 organized for the purpose of drafting Reagan to run for president.

Ford followed the Solzhenitsyn affair with an overseas trip to Eastern Europe, where he signed the Helsinki Accords, a treaty establishing that the current boundaries of Eastern European nations were "inviolable by force." Conservatives and anti-communists harshly criticized Ford for capitulating to Soviet demands and formally recognizing the Eastern bloc. The Wall Street Journal called the Helsinki agreement the "new Yalta."[2]^:491 By late August, Ford's approval rating was polled at 34%.[2]^:494

On September 5 in Sacramento, Ford survived the first of two attempts on his life by lone assassins.[2]^:497–99 A second attempt followed on nineteen days later on September 21.[2]^:509 Neither assassin struck Ford.

September–December 1975: Reagan enters the race

In September, Reagan began to actively campaign in key early states. He stumped in New Hampshire for Louis Wyman in the special election for Senate and began to assemble a campaign staff led by campaign manager John Sears. He secured the endorsement of New Hampshire's conservative governor Meldrim Thomson Jr. and state party chairman, as well as support from moderate former governor Hugh Gregg.[2]^:503

On November 4, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller announced he would not seek nomination as Ford's running mate in 1976.[2]^:527 That same day, Ford fired Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger, whose critical comments on the Helsinki summit had been leaked to the press earlier in the fall.[2]^:526 That week, Ford traveled to Massachusetts and pledged to campaign in every primary in the nation.[2]^:531

On November 20, Ronald Reagan officially announced his campaign for president.[2]^:539

Schedule and results

Date (daily totals)	Contest	Total pledged delegates	Delegates won and popular vote
			Gerald Ford	Ronald Reagan	Other/Uncommitted

January 19	Iowa (caucus)	38	17 264 (45.28%)	16 248 (42.54%)	5 71 (12.18%)
February 24	New Hampshire	23	12 55,156 (50.06%)	11 53,176 (48.26%)	1,465 (1.33%)
Mar 2	Massachusetts	46	30 115,375 (59.65%)	16 63,555 (32.86%)	14,481 (7.49%)
Mar 2	Vermont	20	17 27,014 (84.00%)	3 4,892 (15.21%)	252 (0.78%
Mar 9	Florida	70	37 321,982 (52.88%)	33 286,897 (47.12%)	0
Mar 16	Illinois	103	61 460,114 (58.86%)	42 312,237 (39.94%)	9,401 (1.20%)
Mar 23	North Carolina	56	26 88,897 (45.89%)	30 101,468 (52.38%)	3,362 (1.74%)
Apr 6	Wisconsin	49	27 325,869 (55.19%)	22 262,126 (44.40%)	2,423 (0.41%)
Apr 27	Pennsylvania	106	106 733,472 (91.99%)	40,510 (5.08%)	23,376 (2.93%)
May 1	Texas	103	34 139,944 (33.37%)	69 278,300 (66.36%)	1,162 (0.28%)
May 4	Georgia	52	16 59,801 (31.73%)	36 128,671 (68.27%)	–
May 4	Indiana	56	27 307,513 (48.71%)	29 323,779 (51.29%)	–
May 11	Nebraska	27	12 94,542 (45.36%)	15 113,493 (54.46%)	379 (0.18%)
May 11	West Virginia	31	18 88,386 (56.77%)	13 67,306 (43.23%)	–
May 18	Maryland	45	26 96,291 (58.02%)	19 69,680 (41.98%)	–
May 18	Michigan	85	56 690,187 (64.94%)	29 364,052 (34.25%)	8,587 (0.81%)
May 25	Arkansas	31	11 11,430 (35.12%)	20 20,628 (63.39%)	483 (1.48%)
	Idaho	23	6 22,323 (24.89%)	14 66,643 (74.30%)	727 (0.81%)
	Kentucky	41	21 67,976 (50.91%)	20 62,683 (46.94%)	2,869 (2.15%)
	Nevada	20	6 13,747 (28.79%)	14 31,637 (66.26%)	2,365 (4.95%)
	Oregon	31	16 150,181 (50.30%)	15 136,691 (45.79%)	11,662 (3.91%)
	Tennessee	45	23 120,685 (49.76%)	22 118,997 (49.06%)	2,853 (1.18%)
June 1	California	171	59 845,655 (34.51%)	112 1,604,836 (65.49%)	–
	Montana	23	8 31,100 (34.64%)	15 56,683 (63.14%)	1,996 (2.22%)
	New Jersey	70	70 242,122 (100.00%)	–	–
	Ohio	99	55 516,111 (55.15%)	44 419,646 (44.85%)	–
	Rhode Island	23	16 9,365 (65.25%)	7 4,480 (31.21%)	507 (3.53%)
	South Dakota	23	11 36,976 (43.98%)	12 43,068 (51.22%)	4,033 (4.79%)
Total pledged delegates (Popular vote)			824 5,672,619 (52.51%)	678 5,036,872 (46.63%)	5 92,454 (0.86%)

Candidates

This was the last time during the 20th century (and the last time to date) that a primary season had ended without a presumptive nominee.

Candidate		Born [3]	Office Held	State	Popular vote	Delegations Won
	Gerald Ford	July 14, 1913 (age 63) Omaha, Nebraska	38th President of the United States Incumbent	Michigan	5,529,899 (53.3%)	IA, NH, MA, VT, FL, IL, WI, PA, WV, MD, MI, KY, OR, TN, RI, NJ, OH, ME, CT, NY, DE, MS, KS, MN, ND, AK, HI, DC
	Ronald Reagan	February 6, 1911 (age 65) Tampico, Illinois	33rd Governor of California (1967-1975)	California	4,760,222 (45.9%)	NC, TX, GA, IN, NE, AR, ID, NV, MT, SD, CA, VA, SC, AL, LA, MO, OK, NM, CO, WY, AZ, UT, WA

Candidates who declined to run

Senator Howard Baker of Tennessee[2]^:519
Senator Edward Brooke of Massachusetts
Senator James L. Buckley of New York
Representative John Conlan of Arizona[2]^:450
Former Secretary of the Treasury John Connally of Texas[2]^:518
Senator Charles Mathias of Maryland[4][5][6][7][8][9][2]^:519
Senator Charles Percy of Illinois[2]^:414
Ambassador Elliot Richardson of Massachusetts
Vice President Nelson Rockefeller of New York[2]^:529

Polling

Before August 1974

Poll source	Publication	Sample size	Spiro Agnew	Howard Baker	John Connally	Gerald Ford	Barry Goldwater	Charles Percy	Ronald Reagan	Nelson Rockefeller	Other	Undecided/None
Gallup[10]	March 30–April 2, 1973	700	35%	1%	15%	–	–	8%	20%	11%	5%[lower-alpha 1]	6%
Gallup[11]	August 30, 1973	?	22%	11%	10%	–	–	7%	22%	13%	6%[lower-alpha 2]	9%
Gallup[11]	August 30, 1973	?	–	12%	12%	–	–	8%	32%	16%	9%[lower-alpha 3]	11%
Gallup[12]	Oct. 6–8, 1973	356	–	3%	16%	–	–	14%	29%	19%	6%[lower-alpha 4]	8%
Gallup	January 4–7, 1974	377	–	5%	9%	24%	–	8%	20%	18%	8%[lower-alpha 5]	8%
Gallup	January 4–7, 1974	377	–	7%	11%	–	–	11%	26%	25%	10%[lower-alpha 6]	10%
Gallup	July 21, 1974	?	–	5%	5%	27%	16%	4%	16%	12%	8%[lower-alpha 7]	7%

James Buckley with 2%, Edward Brooke and Daniel Evans with 1% each, and Bill Brock with 0%
James Buckley with 3%, Edward Brooke with 2%, Daniel Evans with 1%, and Bill Brock with 0%
James Buckley with 5%, Edward Brooke with 2%, Daniel Evans with 1%, and Bill Brock with 1%
James Buckley with 3%, Edward Brooke with 2%, Bill Brock with 1%, and Daniel Evans with 0%
Elliot Richardson with 3%, Mark Hatfield and James Buckley with 2% each, and Edward Brooke with 1%
Elliot Richardson with 4%, James Buckley with 3%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and Edward Brooke with 1%
Elliot Richardson with 3%, James Buckley with 2%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and Edward Brooke with 1%

August 1974–December 1975

Poll source	Publication	Sample size	Howard Baker	John Connally	Gerald Ford	Barry Goldwater	Charles Percy	Ronald Reagan	Nelson Rockefeller	Other	Undecided/None
Gallup[13]	Feb. 28–Mar. 3, 1975	330	4%	–	34%	17%	3%	22%	10%	7%[lower-alpha 1]	3%
Gallup[14][15]	June 27–30, 1975	375	4%	2%	41%	13%	4%	20%	5%	6%[lower-alpha 2]	5%
Gallup[15]	Aug. 15–18, 1975	348	3%	3%	45%	11%	4%	19%	7%	5%[lower-alpha 3]	3%
Gallup	Oct. 17–20, 1975	339	2%	1%	48%	7%	2%	25%	5%	2%[lower-alpha 4]	5%
Gallup[16]	Nov. 21–24, 1975	352	2%	1%	32%	10%	3%	40%	6%	5%[lower-alpha 5]	1%

Mark Hatfield with 3%, Elliot Richardson with 3%, and James Buckley with 1%
Elliot Richardson with 3%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and James L. Buckley with 1%
James L. Buckley with 2%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and Elliot Richardson with 1%
Elliot Richardson with 3%, James L. Buckley and Mark Hatfield with 1% each
Mark Hatfield with 2%, Elliot Richardson with 2%, and James L. Buckley with 1%

Head-to-head polling

Poll source	Publication	Sample size	Gerald Ford	Ronald Reagan	Undecided/None
Gallup[14]	June 27–30, 1975	375	61%	33%	6%
Gallup[17]	Dec. 12–15, 1975	?	45%	45%	10%

Campaign results

Ford narrowly defeated Reagan in the New Hampshire primary, and then proceeded to beat Reagan in the Florida and Illinois primaries by comfortable margins. By the time of the North Carolina primary in March 1976, Reagan's campaign was nearly out of money, and it was widely believed that another defeat would force him to quit the race. But with the help of U.S. Senator Jesse Helms's powerful political organization, Reagan upset Ford in North Carolina and then had a string of impressive victories, including Texas, where he won all delegates at stake in its first binding primary. Four other delegates chosen at the Texas state convention went to Reagan and shut out U.S. Senator from Texas John G. Tower, who had been named to manage the Ford campaign on the convention floor. Ford bounced back to win in his native Michigan, and from there the two candidates engaged in an increasingly bitter nip-and-tuck contest for delegates. By the time the Republican Convention opened in August 1976 the race for the nomination was still too close to call.

Reagan was the first candidate to win a presidential primary against an incumbent actively running for reelection since Estes Kefauver defeated Harry Truman in the 1952 New Hampshire primary.

Convention

The 1976 Republican National Convention was held in Kansas City. As the convention began, Ford was seen as having a slight lead in delegate votes, but fewer than the 1,130 he needed to win. Reagan and Ford competed for the votes of individual delegates and state delegations. In a bid to woo moderate Northern Republicans, Reagan shocked the convention by announcing that if he won the nomination, Senator Richard Schweiker of Pennsylvania, from the northern liberal wing of the party, would be his running mate. The move backfired, however, as few moderates switched to Reagan while many conservative delegates were outraged. The key state of Mississippi, which Reagan needed, narrowly voted for Ford; it was believed that Reagan's choice of Schweiker led Clarke Reed, Mississippi's chairman, to switch to Ford. Ford then narrowly won the nomination on the first ballot. He chose Senator Robert Dole of Kansas as his running mate. After giving his acceptance speech, Ford asked Reagan to say a few words to the convention.

The 1976 Republican National Convention at Kemper Arena in Kansas City. Vice Presidential Candidate Bob Dole is on the far left, then Nancy Reagan, former Governor Ronald Reagan is at the center shaking hands with President Gerald Ford, Vice President Nelson Rockefeller is just to the right of Ford, followed by Susan Ford and First Lady Betty Ford.

Results

First ballot vote for the presidential nomination by state delegation.

Convention tally:[18]

Vice-presidential nomination

President Ford chose Senator Robert J. Dole of Kansas as his running mate, while Reagan chose Pennsylvania Senator Richard Schweiker.

References

Based on Time Magazine estimate prior to the 1976 convention; both candidates were short of the needed 1,130 delegates. "Another Loss For the Gipper." CNN AllPolitics "Back in TIME" series. Retrieved 2016-03-24.
Perlstein, Rick (2014). The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and The Rise of Reagan (1 ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-8241-6.
Candidate ages listed as they were during the convention in 1976
Baker, Donald P (November 9, 1975). "Mathias Says He May Run In Presidential Primaries". The Washington Post. p. 21.
Will, George (January 25, 1976). "Sen. Mathias' 'Stroll'". The Washington Post. p. 131.
Peterson, Bill (February 8, 1976). "The Quiet Presidential Campaign". The Washington Post. p. 21.
Peterson, Bill (March 3, 1976). "Mathias Joins Almost-Rans, Will Not Seek Presidency". The Washington Post. p. A3.
Peterson, Bill (June 26, 1976). "Dissident Mathias Denied GOP Platform Committee Post". The Washington Post. p. A5.
Logan, Harold J (August 19, 1976). "Mathias' Convention Role Is Low-Key". The Washington Post. p. 14.
"AGNEW REMAINS TOP G.O.P. CHOICE: Little Damage Seen 35% in Gallup Poll Support Him for President in '76". The New York Times. 29 Apr 1973. p. 41.
Gallup, George (30 Aug 1973). "GALLUP POLL: Agnew is losing support". p. 29.
"Reagan Leads, Rockefeller Is 2d In Gallup Poll on '76 Nomination". The New York Times. 21 Oct 1973. p. 54.
Gallup, George (28 Mar 1975). "Ford, Reagan Top GOP Picks in '76". The Hartford Courant. p. 20.
Gallup, George (14 July 1975). "Ford Support Up As 1976 Hopeful". The Hartford Courant. p. 5.
Gallup, George (7 Sep 1975). "Ford Widens Lead Over Rest of Field". The Washington Post. p. A11.
"Gallup: Reagan Passes Ford". Newsday. 12 Dec 1975. p. 6.
Apple, R.W. (11 Jan 1976). "G.O.P. Seems Evenly Split Over Ford-Reagan Contest". The New York Times. p. 1.
Our Campaigns - US President - R Convention Race - Aug 16, 1976

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[11] James Buckley with 2%, Edward Brooke and Daniel Evans with 1% each, and Bill Brock with 0%

[13] James Buckley with 3%, Edward Brooke with 2%, Daniel Evans with 1%, and Bill Brock with 0%

[14] James Buckley with 5%, Edward Brooke with 2%, Daniel Evans with 1%, and Bill Brock with 1%

[16] James Buckley with 3%, Edward Brooke with 2%, Bill Brock with 1%, and Daniel Evans with 0%

[17] Elliot Richardson with 3%, Mark Hatfield and James Buckley with 2% each, and Edward Brooke with 1%

[18] Elliot Richardson with 4%, James Buckley with 3%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and Edward Brooke with 1%

[19] Elliot Richardson with 3%, James Buckley with 2%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and Edward Brooke with 1%

[21] Mark Hatfield with 3%, Elliot Richardson with 3%, and James Buckley with 1%

[24] Elliot Richardson with 3%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and James L. Buckley with 1%

[25] James L. Buckley with 2%, Mark Hatfield with 2%, and Elliot Richardson with 1%

[26] Elliot Richardson with 3%, James L. Buckley and Mark Hatfield with 1% each

[28] Mark Hatfield with 2%, Elliot Richardson with 2%, and James L. Buckley with 1%

[Time-1] Based on Time Magazine estimate prior to the 1976 convention; both candidates were short of the needed 1,130 delegates. "Another Loss For the Gipper." CNN AllPolitics "Back in TIME" series. Retrieved 2016-03-24.

[Perlstein-2] Perlstein, Rick (2014). The Invisible Bridge: The Fall of Nixon and The Rise of Reagan (1 ed.). Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4767-8241-6.

[3] Candidate ages listed as they were during the convention in 1976

[Baker-9Nov1975-4] Baker, Donald P (November 9, 1975). "Mathias Says He May Run In Presidential Primaries". The Washington Post. p. 21.

[Will-25Jan1976-5] Will, George (January 25, 1976). "Sen. Mathias' 'Stroll'". The Washington Post. p. 131.

[Peterson-8Feb1976-6] Peterson, Bill (February 8, 1976). "The Quiet Presidential Campaign". The Washington Post. p. 21.

[Peterson-3Mar1976-7] Peterson, Bill (March 3, 1976). "Mathias Joins Almost-Rans, Will Not Seek Presidency". The Washington Post. p. A3.

[Peterson-26Jun1976-8] Peterson, Bill (June 26, 1976). "Dissident Mathias Denied GOP Platform Committee Post". The Washington Post. p. A5.

[Logan-19Aug1976-9] Logan, Harold J (August 19, 1976). "Mathias' Convention Role Is Low-Key". The Washington Post. p. 14.

[10] "AGNEW REMAINS TOP G.O.P. CHOICE: Little Damage Seen 35% in Gallup Poll Support Him for President in '76". The New York Times. 29 Apr 1973. p. 41.

[12] Gallup, George (30 Aug 1973). "GALLUP POLL: Agnew is losing support". p. 29.

[15] "Reagan Leads, Rockefeller Is 2d In Gallup Poll on '76 Nomination". The New York Times. 21 Oct 1973. p. 54.

[20] Gallup, George (28 Mar 1975). "Ford, Reagan Top GOP Picks in '76". The Hartford Courant. p. 20.

[:0-22] Gallup, George (14 July 1975). "Ford Support Up As 1976 Hopeful". The Hartford Courant. p. 5.

[:1-23] Gallup, George (7 Sep 1975). "Ford Widens Lead Over Rest of Field". The Washington Post. p. A11.

[27] "Gallup: Reagan Passes Ford". Newsday. 12 Dec 1975. p. 6.

[29] Apple, R.W. (11 Jan 1976). "G.O.P. Seems Evenly Split Over Ford-Reagan Contest". The New York Times. p. 1.

[30] Our Campaigns - US President - R Convention Race - Aug 16, 1976

Gerald Ford
38th President of the United States (1974–1977) 40th Vice President of the United States (1973–1974) U.S. Representative for MI-5 (1949–1973)
Presidency (timeline)	Inauguration Foreign policy Federal-Aid Highway Amendments of 1974 Education for All Handicapped Children Act Vladivostok Summit Meeting on Arms Control Helsinki Accords National Security Study Memorandum 200 Nixon pardon Whip inflation now Wilson desk Assassination attempts Sacramento San Francisco State of the Union Addresses (1975 1976) 1977 Cabinet Federal judiciary appointments Supreme Court candidates controversies Executive Orders Presidential Proclamations
Life	Early life Gerald R. Ford Birthsite and Gardens President Gerald R. Ford Jr. Boyhood Home Gerald R. Ford Jr. House Warren Commission Confirmation as Vice President AEI World Forum Death and state funeral Gerald R. Ford Presidential Museum Gerald R. Ford Presidential Library
Elections	1948 United States House of Representatives elections 1950 1952 1954 1956 1958 1960 1962 1964 1966 1968 1970 1972 Republican Party presidential primaries, 1976 1980 Republican National Convention, 1976 1980 1976 United States presidential election
Cultural Depictions	Saturday Night Live parodies The X-Presidents Presidential Reunion (2010 short film) Superman vs. Muhammad Ali (1978 comic) Dynasty (1981 TV series) The Betty Ford Story (1987) Assassins (1990 musical) "Two Bad Neighbors" (1996) The Political Machine (2004 game) The Butler (2013)
Legacy	Gerald R. Ford International Airport Gerald R. Ford Award Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy Ford House Office Building USS Gerald R. Ford (CVN-78) Gerald R. Ford statue, U.S. Capitol Gerald R. Ford Freeway U.S. Postage stamps
Family	Betty Ford (wife) Michael Gerald Ford (son) John Gardner Ford (son) Steven Meigs Ford (son) Susan Ford Bales (daughter) Dorothy Gardner Ford (mother) Leslie Lynch King Sr. (father) Gerald Rudolff Ford (stepfather) Thomas Gardner Ford (half-brother) Charles Henry King (grandfather) Liberty (family dog)
← Richard Nixon Jimmy Carter → Category

Ronald Reagan
40th President of the United States (1981–1989) 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975)
Life and politics	Birthplace Pitney Store Boyhood home Rancho del Cielo Filmography Political positions Governorship of California Presidential Library and Museum Reagan Era Death and state funeral
Presidency	Transition First inauguration Second inauguration Domestic policy Economic policy Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 Tax Reform Act of 1986 Assassination attempt Strategic Defense Initiative Foreign policy Reagan Doctrine Cold War 1st term 2nd term Soviet Union summits Geneva Reykjavík Washington INF Treaty Moscow Governors Island Constructive engagement Invasion of Grenada Iran–Contra affair Libya bombing International trips The Grace Commission Cabinet Federal judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Administration scandals "We begin bombing in five minutes" Impeachment efforts Executive orders Presidential proclamations
Speeches	Ronald Reagan Speaks Out Against Socialized Medicine "A Time for Choosing" Reagan's Neshoba County Fair "states' rights" speech First inaugural address Second inaugural address "Ash heap of history" "Evil empire" "Tear down this wall!" State of the Union 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Books	An American Life The Reagan Diaries
Elections	1966 California gubernatorial election 11th commandment 1970 California gubernatorial election Republican presidential primaries (1968 1976 1980 1984) Republican National Convention (1968 1976 1980 1984) 1980 presidential campaign "There you go again" "Let's make America great again" 1984 presidential campaign "Morning in America" "Bear in the woods" United States presidential election (1976 1980 1984)
Cultural depictions	In music Let Them Eat Jellybeans! (1981) U.S. Postage stamps Rap Master Ronnie Ed the Happy Clown (1983 comic series) Spitting Image (TV series) (1984) A Mind Forever Voyaging (1985 game) The Dark Knight Returns (1986) film adaptation Pizza Man (1991 film) The Day Reagan Was Shot (2001 film) Reagan's War (2002 book) The Reagans (2003 film) Reagan (2011 documentary) The Butler (2013 film) Killing Reagan (2015 book) Killing Reagan (2016 film) Call of Duty: Black Ops Cold War (2020 game) Reagan (2022 film) "What would Reagan do?"
Memorials	U.S. Capitol statue USS Ronald Reagan (CVN-76) Namesakes and memorials
Family	Jane Wyman (first wife) Nancy Reagan (second wife) Maureen Reagan (daughter) Michael Reagan (adopted son) Patti Davis (daughter) Ron Reagan (son) Jack Reagan (father) Nelle Wilson Reagan (mother) Neil Reagan (brother) Rex (dog)
← Jimmy Carter George H. W. Bush → Book Category