1985 Summer Universiade
The 1985 Summer Universiade, also known as the XIII Summer Universiade, took place in Kobe, Japan.
 | |
| Host city | Kobe, Japan |
|---|---|
| Nations participating | 106 |
| Athletes participating | 2,783 |
| Events | 11 sports |
| Opening ceremony | August 24 |
| Closing ceremony | September 4 |
| Officially opened by | Crown Prince Akihito |
| Main venue | Kobe Universiade Memorial Stadium |
Mascot
The mascot of the Kobe Universiade, "Unitan", designed by Osamu Tezuka, is a red-crested white crane, symbolic of Japan and a good omen. The name was chosen from some 8,000 suggestions received from throughout the country. The name is derived from a combination of 'uni' from 'Universiade' and 'tan' from the Japanese name for red-crested crane, namely 'tancho-tsuru'.
Gender test
The sex chromatin test was used at these games to decide on participants' gender; Spanish hurdler Maria José Martínez-Patiño was declared a man and thus ruled ineligible for the women's events.[1][2][3] In agreement with officials who suggested she fake an injury so she could withdraw without publicity, she complied. She later fought, successfully, to have that diagnosis reversed.[4]
Sports
Athletics () 
Basketball () 
Diving () 
Fencing () 
Football () _pictogram.svg.png.webp)
Gymnastics () 
Judo () 
Swimming () 
Tennis () _pictogram.svg.png.webp)
Volleyball () 
Water polo ()
Medal table
* Host nation (Japan)
| Rank | Nation | Gold | Silver | Bronze | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  Soviet Union (URS) | 42 | 23 | 18 | 83 |
| 2 |  United States (USA) | 24 | 21 | 23 | 68 |
| 3 |  Cuba (CUB) | 9 | 8 | 5 | 22 |
| 4 |  China (CHN) | 6 | 7 | 6 | 19 |
| 5 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Romania (ROU) | 5 | 10 | 6 | 21 |
| 6 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Japan (JPN)* | 5 | 3 | 7 | 15 |
| 7 |  Italy (ITA) | 4 | 6 | 5 | 15 |
| 8 |  North Korea (PRK) | 3 | 2 | 3 | 8 |
| 9 |  Netherlands (NED) | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
 South Korea (KOR) | 3 | 1 | 4 | 8 | |
| 11 |  Poland (POL) | 3 | 1 | 2 | 6 |
| 12 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Bulgaria (BUL) | 2 | 6 | 4 | 12 |
| 13 |  West Germany (FRG) | 2 | 5 | 9 | 16 |
| 14 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Australia (AUS) | 2 | 4 | 2 | 8 |
| 15 |  Nigeria (NGR) | 2 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
| 16 |  Hungary (HUN) | 1 | 4 | 3 | 8 |
| 17 |  Great Britain (GBR) | 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 |
| 18 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Brazil (BRA) | 1 | 2 | 2 | 5 |
| 19 |  Czechoslovakia (TCH) | 1 | 0 | 2 | 3 |
| 20 |  Jamaica (JAM) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
| 21 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Canada (CAN) | 0 | 6 | 7 | 13 |
| 22 |  France (FRA) | 0 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| 23 | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Yugoslavia (YUG) | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| 24 |  Mexico (MEX) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
 New Zealand (NZL) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Portugal (POR) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
 Uruguay (URU) | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | |
| 28 |  Ivory Coast (CIV) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
 Morocco (MAR) | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |
| Totals (29 nations) | 120 | 122 | 125 | 367 | |
References
- Ruth Padawer (June 28, 2016). "The Humiliating Practice of Sex-Testing Female Athletes". The New York Times.
- Ljungqvist, A. (2008-04-15). "Gender Verification". In Barbara L. Drinkwater (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine: An IOC Medical Commission Publication, Women in Sport. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 183–93. ISBN 9780470756850. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
- Schultz, Jaime (2014). Qualifying Times: Points of Change in U.S. Women's Sport. U of Illinois P. pp. 111–12. ISBN 9780252095962.
- Cole, Cheryl L. (2000). "One Chromosome Too Many?". In Kay Schaffer (ed.). The Olympics at the Millennium: Power, Politics, and the Games. Sidonie Smith. Rutgers UP. pp. 128–46. ISBN 9780813528205. Retrieved 2 March 2015.
