2018 Brazilian general election

The 2018 Brazilian presidential election were held in 2018 with two rounds of balloting in conjunction with elections to the National Congress, state governorships. As no candidate in the presidential election received more than 50% of the vote in the first round on 7 October 2018, a second-round runoff was held on 28 October 2018.

2018 Brazilian general election
7 October 2018 (2018-10-07) (first round)
28 October 2018 (2018-10-28) (second round)
Opinion polls
Turnout79.67% (first round)
78.7% (second round)[1]
Presidential election
 
Candidate Jair Bolsonaro Fernando Haddad[lower-alpha 1]
Party PSL PT
Alliance Brazil Above Everything, God Above Everyone The People Happy Again
Home state Rio de Janeiro[lower-alpha 2] São Paulo
Running mate Hamilton Mourão Manuela d'Ávila
States carried 15 + DF 11
Popular vote 57,797,847 47,040,906
Percentage 55.13% 44.87%
Map of results for each State and the Federal District.
President before election

Michel Temer
MDB

 Elected President

Jair Bolsonaro
PSL

Parliamentary election
Party Leader % Seats ±
Chamber of Deputies
PSL Eduardo Bolsonaro 11.7% 52 +44
PT Paulo Pimenta 10.3% 56 -5
PSDB Carlos Sampaio 6.0% 29 -20
PSD Domingos Neto 5.8% 34 -3
PP Arthur Lira 5.6% 38 -12
PMDB Baleia Rossi 5.5% 34 -17
PSB Tadeu Alencar 5.5% 32 +6
PR José Rocha 5.3% 33 -7
PRB Jhonatan de Jesus 5.1% 30 +9
DEM Elmar Nascimento 4.7% 29 -14
PDT André Figueiredo 4.6% 28 +9
Federal Senate
PT Lindbergh Farias 14.5% 6 -6
PSDB Paulo Bauer 11.9% 8 -2
PMDB Simone Tebet 7.5% 12 -6
DEM Ronaldo Caiado 5.4% 6 +2
PSD Omar Aziz 4.8% 7 -4
PP Ana Amélia Lemos 4.4% 6 +1
This lists parties that won seats. See the complete results below.
Official 2018 elections logo

The election occurred during a tumultuous time in Brazilian politics. Narrowly re-elected in 2014,[3] President Dilma Rousseff of the centre-left Workers’ Party (PT), which has dominated Brazilian politics since 2002, was impeached in 2016.[4] Replacing her was her Vice President, Michel Temer of the centre-right Brazilian Democratic Movement Party.[5] Temer, whose age of 75 at inauguration made him the oldest to ever take office, broke sharply with his predecessor’s policies and amended the constitution to freeze public spending.[6] Temer was extraordinarily unpopular, reaching an approval rating of 7% versus 76% in favor of this resignation.[7] Despite mass demonstrations against his rule, including a 2017 general strike and a 2018 truck drivers’ strike, Temer refused to step down and served the duration of his term in office.[8] Due to being convicted of breaking campaign finance laws, Temer was ineligible to run in 2018.[9]

The candidacy of Jair Bolsonaro, a controversial federal deputy from Rio de Janeiro known for his far-right politics[10][11][12][13] and defense of the former Brazilian military dictatorship,[14][15][16] overshadowed other conservative candidates. Noted for his vehement opposition to abortion[17] and same-sex marriage,[18][19] Bolsonaro joined the small liberal Social Liberal Party (PSL) to mount his bid for the presidency, shifting the party's ideology in favor of social conservatism and nationalism.[20][21] Bolsonaro benefited from opposition to the former PT government and ran in favor of expanding gun ownership in response to high crime,[22] legalizing the death penalty,[23] and the privatization of state-owned companies.[24][25] For the position of Vice President, Bolsonaro chose Hamilton Mourão, a conservative retired general in the Brazilian Army.[26] During the campaign, Bolsonaro was the subject of widespread protests for his perceived homophobic,[27] racist,[28] and misogynistic beliefs.[29][30] Former Governor of São Paulo Geraldo Alckmin, who ran as a member of the previously dominant centre-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB), received the worst result for a presidential nominee of his party in Brazilian history.

Former President Lula da Silva, once considered one of the most popular politicians in the world,[31][32][33] intended to run for president as the candidate of the PT with former Mayor of São Paulo Fernando Haddad as his running-mate.[34] Polling taken during the campaign found Lula as the favorite in both the first and second rounds of the election.[35][36] However, Lula's 2017 conviction on corruption charges barred him from running.[37][38] Haddad, who was largely unknown to Brazilian voters at the time,[39][40] was chosen to run in his place, with Communist Party of Brazil (PCdoB) deputy Manuela d’Avila of Rio Grande do Sul serving as his running mate.[41] His major opponent on the left was Ciro Gomes, a mainstay of Brazilian politics who ran a centre-left campaign as a member of the Democratic Labour Party (PDT).[42] Following Haddad's advancement to the second round, Ciro did not endorse his campaign, though he did signal opposition to Bolsonaro.[43]

The campaign was marked by political violence, with Bolsonaro being a victim of a stabbing attack at a campaign rally in Minas Gerais[44] and supporters of both Haddad and Bolsonaro falling victim to politically-motivated attacks.[45] Fake news spread on popular messaging app WhatsApp was a focal point of election coverage, with disinformation spread on the app being blamed for influencing voting intentions.[46] In the first round of the election, Bolsonaro received approximately 46% of the vote to Haddad's 29%, with Ciro coming in third place with over 12% of the vote. In the second round, Bolsonaro defeated Haddad by approximately ten percentage points, with the deputy receiving over 55% of the vote to less than 45% for Haddad. Bolsonaro took office on 1 January 2019 as President of Brazil.

Background

The 2014 elections saw Workers' Party candidate Dilma Rousseff reelected as President in the second round with 51.6% of the vote, defeating Aécio Neves of the Brazilian Social Democracy Party who received 48.4% of the vote.[47] Rousseff had first been elected in the 2010 elections, succeeding her political mentor, Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, who was in office from 2003 until 2011.[48]

However, on 3 December 2015, impeachment proceedings against Rousseff were officially accepted by the Chamber of Deputies.[49] On 12 May 2016, the Federal Senate temporarily suspended Rousseff's powers and duties for up to six months or until the Senate reached a verdict: to remove her from office if found guilty or to acquit her from the crimes charged.[50] Vice President Michel Temer, of the Brazilian Democratic Movement Party, assumed her powers and duties as Acting President of Brazil during the suspension.[51][52] On 31 August 2016, the Senate voted 61–20 in favor of impeachment, finding Rousseff guilty of breaking budgetary laws and removing her from office.[53][54] Critics of the impeachment saw it as a legislative coup d'état.[55] Vice President Temer succeeded Rousseff as the 37th President of Brazil. His government implemented policies that contradicted the platform on which Rousseff's Workers Party had been elected, in one of the most controversial and politically-heated periods of modern Brazilian history.[56]

Temer was barred from running for a full term in 2018. He had been convicted of campaign law violations in 2016, and was banned from holding any political office for eight years.[57] He was likely ineligible for a full term in any case due to the manner in which constitutional provisions on term limits are worded. The constitution stipulates that if the Vice President becomes Acting President for any reason, it counts toward the limit of two consecutive terms. This applies even when the Vice President becomes Acting President whenever the President is abroad.

Electoral system
Voters lined up waiting for their turn to vote in Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul

Voting in Brazil is allowed for citizens over 16 years of age, and mandatory for those between 18 and 70 years of age.[58] Those who do not vote in an election and do not later present an acceptable justification (such as being away from their voting location at the time) must pay a fine of 3.51 BRL (equivalent to 0.90 USD as of October 2018).[59][60] Brazilian citizens residing abroad only vote for president.[61]

Presidential elections

The President and the Vice President of Brazil are elected using the two-round system. Citizens may field their candidacies for the presidency, and participate in the general elections, which are held on the first Sunday in October (in this instance, 7 October 2018).[62] If the most-voted candidate takes more than 50% of the overall vote, he or she is declared elected. If the 50% threshold is not met by any candidate, a second round of voting is held on the last Sunday in October (in this instance, 28 October 2018). In the second round, only the two most-voted candidates from the first round may participate. The winner of the second round is elected President of Brazil. Candidates for President run for office jointly with a candidate for Vice-President, and the Vice-President is elected as a consequence of the election of the President.[63]

Gubernatorial elections
Main article: 2018 Brazilian gubernatorial elections

The Governors and Vice Governors of all states and of the Federal District were elected, in two rounds when needed, in the same way as the presidential election.[64]

Federal Senate elections

Two-thirds of the 81 members of the Federal Senate will be elected for a term of 8 years in office, the other third having been elected in 2014. Two candidates will be elected from each of the states and Federal District using majority block voting, with voters able to cast two votes each.[65]

Chamber of Deputies elections

All 513 members of the Chamber of Deputies (federal deputies) will be elected, with candidates elected from 27 multi-member constituencies corresponding to the states and Federal District, varying in size from eight to 70 seats. The Chamber elections are held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the simple quotient.[66]

Legislative Assemblies elections

All members of the State Legislative Assemblies (state deputies) and of the Federal District Legislative Chamber (district deputies), varying in size from 24 to 94 seats, will be elected. These elections are also held using open list proportional representation, with seats allocated using the simple quotient.[67]

Presidential candidates

Candidates in runoff
# Party/coalition Presidential candidate Political office(s) Vice-Presidential candidate
17
Brazil Above Everything, God Above Everyone
PSL, PRTB[68]
Jair Bolsonaro (PSL)
(campaign)		 Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro (1991–2019)
Gen. Hamilton Mourão (PRTB)
13
The People Happy Again
PT,[69] PROS,[70] PCdoB[71]
Fernando Haddad (PT)
(campaign)		 51st Mayor of São Paulo (2013–17)
Manuela d'Ávila (PCdoB)

Candidates failing to make runoff
# Party/coalition Presidential candidate Political office(s) Vice-Presidential candidate
12
Sovereign Brazil[72]
PDT, AVANTE
Ciro Gomes (PDT)
(campaign)		 Governor of Ceará (1991–94) and Federal Deputy for Ceará (2007–11)
Kátia Abreu[73] (PDT)
15
This is the Solution
MDB, PHS[74]
Henrique Meirelles (MDB)
(campaign)		 Minister of Finance (2016–2018) and former President of the Central Bank of Brazil (2003–11)
Germano Rigotto (MDB)
16
United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU)
Vera Lúcia (PSTU)
(campaign)		 Labor organizer
Hertz Dias (PSTU)
18
United to Transform Brazil
REDE, PV
Marina Silva (REDE)
(campaign)		 Senator for Acre (1995–2011)[75]
Eduardo Jorge (PV)
19
Real Change
PODE, PSC, PTC, PRP
Alvaro Dias
(PODE)
(campaign)		 Senator for Paraná (1983–87, 1999–2018)[76][77]
Paulo Rabello de Castro (PSC)
27
Christian Democracy (DC)
José Maria Eymael (DC)
(campaign)		 Federal Deputy for São Paulo (1986–95)[78]
Helvio Costa (DC)
30
New Party (NOVO)
João Amoêdo (NOVO)
(campaign)		 President of NOVO (2015–17)[79]
Christian Lohbauer (NOVO)
45
To unite Brazil[80]
PSDB, DEM, PP, PR, PRB, SD, PTB, PSD, PPS
Geraldo Alckmin (PSDB)
(campaign)		 Governor of São Paulo (2001–06, 2011–18)[81]
Ana Amélia (PP)
50
Let's Go Without Fear of Changing Brazil[82]
PSOL, PCB
Guilherme Boulos (PSOL)
(campaign)		 Professor at University of São Paulo, coordinator of the Homeless Workers' Movement activist, and writer.
Sônia Guajajara (PSOL)
51
Patriota (PATRI)
Cabo Daciolo (PATRI)
(campaign)		 Federal Deputy for Rio de Janeiro (2015–)[83]
Suelene Balduino Nascimento (PATRI)
54
Free Homeland Party (PPL)
João Vicente Goulart (PPL)
(campaign)		 State Deputy of Rio Grande do Sul (1982–86)
Léo Alves (PPL)

Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB)

Democrats (DEM)

Party of National Mobilization (PMN)

Social Democratic Party (PSD)

Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL)


Campaign

Rejection of Lula's candidacy

On 1 September, the Superior Electoral Court voted 6–1 to reject Lula's candidacy based on the Lei da Ficha Limpa and his conviction on corruption charges, but approved the PT-PCdoB-PROS coalition "The People Happy Again" and the candidacy of Fernando Haddad.[138] The Workers' Party replaced Lula with Haddad and announced former presidential candidate Manuela d'Ávila as his running mate.[139]

Stabbing of Jair Bolsonaro
Bolsonaro being stabbed at a Juiz de Fora rally

Jair Bolsonaro was stabbed on 6 September 2018 while campaigning in the city of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais and interacting with supporters.[140] Bolsonaro's son, Flávio, has stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he was recovering in hospital.[141] Police arrested and identified the attacker as Adelio Bispo de Oliveira, who claimed that he was "ordered by God to carry out the attack".[142] Flávio Bolsonaro later stated that the wounds inflicted seem worse than initially thought. He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation reached part of the liver, the lung and part of the intestine. He also stated that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at the hospital with a pressure of 10/3, but had since stabilized.[140][143][144] Most of the other candidates in the presidential race (from both sides of the political spectrum), and the then-Brazilian president, Michel Temer, condemned the attack.[145] After being stabbed, Bolsonaro did not attend any further debates.[146]

Debates

Two debates were held on 9 and 17 August, featuring eight presidential candidates: Bolsonaro, Alckmin, Silva, Gomes, Dias, Meirelles, Boulos, and Daciolo. Lula was unable to participate in the debates.[147] The 9 August debate was moderated by Ricardo Boechat,[148] and the 17 August debate was moderated by Amanda Klein, Boris Casoy and Mariana Godoy.[149]

A debate scheduled for 27 August[150] was canceled after Jair Bolsonaro expressed his uncertainty about participating in the debates and the Workers' Party insisted on the participation of Lula, prohibited by the Electoral Justice.[151] Bolsonaro did not participate in further debates after he was attacked on 6 September.[152]

After a debate on 9 September moderated by Maria Lydia Flândoli,[153] Fernando Haddad participated in all remaining debates. These occurred on 20 September (moderated by Joyce Ribeiro),[154] 26 September (moderated by Carlos Nascimento),[155] 30 September (moderated by Adriana Araújo and Celso Freitas),[156] and 4 October (moderated by William Bonner).[157]

A vice presidential debate was held on 5 September featuring four candidates; Fernando Haddad did not attend.[158]

While several debates were scheduled for the second round, none were held. Debates planned for 12 October,[159] 14 October,[160] and 15 October[161] were cancelled due to Bolsonaro's health issues. A debate scheduled for 21 October[162] was cancelled after the campaigns were unable to agree to terms.

Opinion polls
Main article: Opinion polling for the 2018 Brazilian general election

Results

President
First place candidate on first round per state
Second round results by state
Candidate Party Running mate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Jair BolsonaroPSLHamilton MourãoPRTB49,276,99046.0357,797,84755.13
Fernando HaddadPTManuela d'ÁvilaPCdoB31,342,00529.2847,040,90644.87
Ciro GomesPDTKátia AbreuPDT13,344,36612.47
Geraldo AlckminPSDBAna AméliaPP5,096,3494.76
João AmoêdoNOVOChristian LohbauerNOVO2,679,7442.50
Cabo DacioloPATRISuelene BalduinoPATRI1,348,3231.26
Henrique MeirellesMDBGermano RigottoMDB1,288,9481.20
Marina SilvaREDEEduardo JorgePV1,069,5771.00
Alvaro DiasPODEPaulo Rabello de CastroPSC859,6010.80
Guilherme BoulosPSOLSônia GuajajaraPSOL617,1220.58
Vera LúciaPSTUHertz DiasPSTU55,7620.05
José Maria EymaelDCHélvio CostaDC41,7100.04
João Vicente GoulartPPLLéo DiasPPL30,1760.03
Invalid/blank votes10,313,141–11,094,698–
Total117,364,560100115,933,451100
Registered voters/turnout147,305,82579.67147,305,15578.70
Source: Globo
Popular vote (first round)
Bolsonaro
 
 46.03%
Haddad
 
 29.28%
Ciro
 
 12.47%
Alckmin
 
 4.76%
Amoêdo
 
 2.50%
Daciolo
 
 1.26%
Meirelles
 
 1.20%
Silva
 
 1.00%
Others
 
 1.50%
Popular vote (second round)
Bolsonaro
 
 55.13%
Haddad
 
 44.87%

Voter demographics
Demographic group Bolsonaro Haddad % of
total vote
Total vote 55 45 100
Gender
Men 60 40 47
Women 50 50 53
Age
16–24 years old 50 50 15
25–34 years old 56 44 21
35-44 years old 56 44 21
45-59 years old 54 46 24
60 and older 56 44 19
Education
Less than high school 44 56 33
High school diploma 58 42 43
Bachelor’s degree or more 61 39 24
Family income
Under 2x min wage 42 58 40
2-5x min wage 61 39 38
5-10x min wage 69 31 12
Over 10x min wage 67 33 10
Region
Southeast 63 37 44
South 65 35 15
Northeast 32 68 27
Central-West 66 34 7
North 55 45 7
Source: Datafolha

Congress
Chamber of Deputies
Senate
Party Chamber of Deputies Senate
Votes % Seats +/– Votes % Elected Total +/–
Social Liberal Party11,457,87811.7524419,413,86911.3444
Workers' Party10,126,61110.3561324,785,67014.5466
Brazilian Social Democracy Party5,905,5416.0292520,310,55811.9482
Social Democratic Party5,749,0085.83428,202,3424.8474
Progressistas5,480,0675.63717,529,9014.4561
Brazilian Democratic Movement5,439,1675.5343212,800,2907.57126
Brazilian Socialist Party5,386,4005.53228,234,1954.8225
Party of the Republic5,224,5915.33313,130,0821.8122
Brazilian Republican Party4,992,0165.13091,505,6070.911
Democrats4,581,1624.72989,218,6585.4462
Democratic Labour Party4,545,8464.62897,737,9824.5253
Socialism and Liberty Party2,783,6692.81055,273,8533.1001
New Party2,748,0792.88New3,467,7462.000
Podemos2,243,3202.31175,494,1253.2155
Republican Party of the Social Order2,042,6102.1831,370,5130.811
Brazilian Labour Party2,022,7192.110151,899,8381.123
Solidariedade1,953,0672.01324,001,9032.311
Avante1,844,0481.975713,3790.400
Social Christian Party1,765,2261.8854,126,0682.4111
Green Party1,592,1731.6441,226,3920.7001
Popular Socialist Party1,590,0841.6822,954,8001.7222
Patriota1,432,3041.55360,5890.000
Humanist Party of Solidarity1,426,4441.5614,228,9732.5222
Communist Party of Brazil1,329,5751.4911,673,1901.0001
Progressive Republican Party851,3680.9411,974,0611.2111
Sustainability Network816,7840.81New7,166,0034.255New
Brazilian Labour Renewal Party684,9760.701886,2670.500
Party of National Mobilization634,1290.63329,9730.200
Christian Labour Party601,8140.62222,9310.1011
Free Fatherland Party385,1970.411504,2090.300
Christian Democracy369,3860.411154,0680.100
Party of Brazilian Women228,3020.2051,0270.000
Brazilian Communist Party61,3430.10256,6550.100
United Socialist Workers Party41,3040.00413,9140.200
Workers Cause Party2,7850.0038,6910.000
Invalid/blank votes18,771,737–––61,995,824––––
Total117,111,476100.05130117,111,478100.054810
Registered voters/turnout146,750,52979.8––146,750,52979.8–––
Source: Election Resources

Aftermath and reactions
Main article: Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro

Argentina
  • President Mauricio Macri congratulated Bolsonaro on his election victory, stating that, "I hope we will work together soon for the relationship between our countries and the welfare of Argentines and Brazilians."[163]

Bolivia
  • President Evo Morales expressed his congratulations, "we greet the brother people of Brazil for their democratic participation in the second round of presidential elections in which Jair Bolsonaro was elected, to whom we extend our recognition. Bolivia and Brazil are brother peoples with deep integration ties."[164]

Chile
  • President Sebastián Piñera expressed his congratulations on Twitter, "congratulations to the Brazilian people for a clean and democratic election. I congratulate Jair Bolsonaro for your great electoral triumph."[164]

Colombia
  • President Iván Duque praised Bolsonaro on Twitter. "Congratulations to Jair Bolsonaro, the new democratically elected president of Brazil. Our wish for this new stage of the neighboring country to be one of well-being and unity. We look forward to continuing our fellowship relationship to strengthen political, commercial and cultural ties."[165]

Costa Rica
  • President Carlos Alvarado using his official Twitter account expressed: "Costa Rica ratifies its willingness to work with Brazil in favor of inclusion, economic growth and respect for the rights of all people, as well as to achieve the sustainable development of the region."[166]

Ecuador
  • President Lenín Moreno expressed on Twitter, "More congratulations to the Brazilian people for this new democratic feat. Best wishes for new President Jair Bolsonaro."[167]

Mexico
  • President Enrique Peña Nieto praised Bolsonaro on Twitter. "On behalf of the people and the Government of Mexico, I congratulate Jair Bolsonaro for his election as President of the Federative Republic of Brazil, on an exemplary day that reflects the democratic strength of that country."[164]

Paraguay
  • President Mario Abdo Benítez expressed on Twitter, "congratulations to the people of Brazil and their elected president Jair Bolsonaro for this election! We want to work together for stronger democracies in the region, with strengthened institutions and always looking for the prosperity of our peoples!"[164]

Peru
  • President Martín Vizcarra congratulated Bolsonaro on his election, "I congratulate Jair Bolsonaro for his election as president of Brazil and I wish him the greatest success in his administration. I express my willingness to work together to deepen our fraternal bilateral relationship."[164]

United States
  • President Donald Trump congratulated Bolsonaro on his election victory, Trump and Bolsonaro both agreed to work side-by-side to improve the lives of the people of the United States and Brazil, and as regional leaders, of the Americas.[168]

China
  • President Xi Jinping congratulated Bolsonaro on his election, and said that his country was willing to "respect the fundamental interests" of both nations. He also congratulated the statements made by Bolsonaro shortly after winning the elections, in which he assured that Brazil will maintain ties with China, its main trading partner, regardless of its ideological differences.[169]

France
  • President Emmanuel Macron congratulated Bolsonaro on his election victory, added that France would look to continue to cooperate with Brazil on areas including environmental issues. “France and Brazil have a strategic partnership based around common values of respect and the promotion of democratic principles,” added Macron in his statement.[170]
  • President of the National Rally Party Marine Le Pen praised Bolsonaro on his election victory, "Brazilians just punished the widespread corruption and terrifying crime that thrived during far left governments. Good luck to President Bolsonaro who will have to re-establish Brazil's very compromised economic, security and democratic situation."[167]

Germany
  • According to an official publication, the Chancellor Angela Merkel said she "hopes that their cooperation will continue to be based on democratic values and the rule of law. Two countries have long been linked by friendly relations and common interests."[171]

Russia
  • According to an official publication from the Kremlin, President Vladimir Putin: "praised the significant experience of mutually beneficial bilateral cooperation in various spheres that Russia and Brazil have acquired as part of their strategic collaboration" and "expressed confidence in the further promotion of the entire complex of Russian-Brazilian ties as well as constructive cooperation in the framework of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS and other multilateral organisations in the interests of the Russian and Brazilian people."[172]

Italy
  • Deputy Prime Minister Matteo Salvini praised Bolsonaro on Twitter. "In Brazil citizens expelled the left! Good job for President Bolsonaro, the friendship between our peoples and government will be even stronger".[173]

Spain
  • Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez expressed on Twitter, "The Brazilian people have decided their future for years to come. The challenges will be huge. Brazil will always count on Spain to achieve a more egalitarian and fairer Latin America, the hope that will illuminate the decisions of any ruler."[167]

Israel
  • Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu congratulated Bolsonaro on his election victory, stating that, "I am confident that your election will bring great friendship between the two peoples and strengthen the ties between Brazil and Israel."[174]

See also

Notes
  1. The original candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was barred from running by the Superior Electoral Court on 31 August 2018, in accordance with the Clean Slate law.[2]
  2. Born in São Paulo, electoral based in Rio de Janeiro

References
  1. "Disclosure of Election Results". Superior Electoral Court. Retrieved 29 October 2018.
  2. News, ABC. "International News: Latest Headlines, Video and Photographs from Around the World -- People, Places, Crisis, Conflict, Culture, Change, Analysis and Trends". ABC News.
  3. Brazil keen to open trade talks with UK Financial Times, 22 July 2016
  4. Catherine E. Shoichet; Euan McKirdy. "Brazil's Senate ousts Rousseff in impeachment vote". CNN. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  5. "Brazil's Rousseff ousted by Senate, Temer sworn in". Reuters. 1 September 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2019.
  6. Magalhaes, Luciana; Jelmayer, Rogerio (31 August 2016). "Michel Temer Seeks New Start as Brazil's President". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 3 September 2016.
  7. Phillips, Dom (26 June 2017). "President Michel Temer of Brazil Is Charged With Corruption". The New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
  8. Romero, Simon (26 May 2017). "Their Government in Chaos, Brazilians Fear the Joke Is on Them". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 May 2017.
  9. Greenwald, Glenn (3 June 2016). "Credibility of Brazil's Interim President Collapses as He Receives 8-Year Ban on Running for Office". The Intercept. Retrieved 10 September 2016.
  10. Brooke, James (25 July 1993). "Conversations/Jair Bolsonaro; A Soldier Turned Politician Wants To Give Brazil Back to Army Rule". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  11. Editorial Board (8 October 2018). "Brazilian Swamp Drainer". Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 10 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  12. "O inquietante 'fenômeno Bolsonaro'". brasil.elpais.com (in Portuguese). 7 October 2014. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 18 June 2017.
  13. "Brazil's congress starts to reform itself". The Economist. 14 October 2017. Archived from the original on 15 October 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2017.
  14. "Defensor da Ditadura, Jair Bolsonaro reforça frase polêmica: "o erro foi torturar e não matar" - Pânico - Jovem Pan FM São Paulo 100.9". Jovem Pan FM (in Portuguese). 8 July 2016. Archived from the original on 4 September 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  15. Brooke, James (25 July 1993). "Conversations/Jair Bolsonaro; A Soldier Turned Politician Wants To Give Brazil Back to Army Rule". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 October 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  16. "Bolsonaro chama ditadura militar brasileira de "intervenção democrática"". R7.com (in Portuguese). 31 March 2015. Archived from the original on 5 October 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  17. "Bolsonaro, em Porto Alegre, confirma ser contra o aborto e a favor da redução da maioridade penal – Jornal O Sul". Osul.com.br. 21 August 2015. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  18. "Bolsonaro: "prefiro filho morto em acidente a um homossexual"". Terra (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
  19. "Bolsonaro é condenado a pagar R$ 150 mil por declarações contra gays". Folha de S.Paulo. Archived from the original on 2 October 2018. Retrieved 11 September 2018.
  20. "Com chegada de Bolsonaro, Livres anuncia saída do PSL". Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
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