45th New Zealand Parliament

The 45th New Zealand Parliament was a term of the Parliament of New Zealand. Its composition was determined by the 1996 election, and it sat until the 1999 election.

45th Parliament of New Zealand
←44th Parliament 46th Parliament→
Overview
Legislative bodyNew Zealand Parliament
Term12 December 1996 – 5 October 1999
Election1996 New Zealand general election
GovernmentFourth National Government
House of Representatives
Members120
Speaker of the HouseDoug Kidd
Leader of the HouseRoger Sowry
— Wyatt Creech until 31 August 1998
Prime MinisterJenny Shipley
— Jim Bolger until 8 December 1997
Leader of the OppositionHelen Clark
Sovereign
MonarchElizabeth II
Governor-GeneralMichael Hardie Boys

The 45th Parliament was notable in that it was the first to be elected under the new MMP electoral system, a form of proportional representation. It was also notable for the fact that it was the first New Zealand Parliament to have an Asian person, Pansy Wong, elected to it. The difference between the 45th Parliament and its predecessor were considerable — the 44th Parliament had opened with only four seats being held by minor parties, but at the opening of the 45th Parliament, minor parties held thirty-nine seats. Because of the considerably altered balance of power in Parliament, neither of the two major parties could govern alone, and New Zealand First, the largest of the four other parties in Parliament, was put in the position of "kingmaker". In the end, New Zealand First opted for a coalition with the National Party which had governed in the previous Parliament, marking the first coalition government in New Zealand for over half a century.[1] The Labour Party continued in Opposition.

The 45th Parliament consisted of one hundred and twenty representatives. Sixty-five of these representatives were chosen by geographical electorates, including five special Maori electorates. The remainder were elected by means of party-list proportional representation under the MMP electoral system.

Electoral boundaries for the 45th Parliament

Overview of seats

The table below shows the number of MPs in each party following the 1996 election and at dissolution:

Affiliation Members
At 1996 election At dissolution
National 44 44
NZ First 1 17 In opposition
Mauri Pacific 2 – 5
Te Tawharau 2 – 1
Mana Wahine 2 – 1
Independent 2 – 1
ACT 3 In opposition 8
United NZ 3 In opposition 1
Government total 61 61
Labour 37 37
Alliance 4 13 11
NZ First In government 9
ACT 8 With government
United NZ 1 With government
Christian Heritage – 1
Independent – 1
Opposition total 59 59
Total
 120 120
Working Government majority 2 2

[2]

Notes

  • ^1 New Zealand First initially entered into a coalition with the National Party, which broke down in 1998. Half the party resigned and became independents, while the other half remained with the party and joined the opposition.
  • ^2 A collection of small parties were founded and received representation by independent MPs who were formerly with New Zealand First and Alliance. They supported the National Party in government.
  • ^3 ACT and United Future extended support to the National Party, giving the government a slim majority in parliament.
  • ^4 The Green Party sat in Parliament under the banner of the Alliance Party.
  • The Working Government majority is calculated as all Government MPs less all other parties.

Initial composition of the 45th Parliament

45th New Zealand Parliament - MPs elected to Parliament

List MPs are ordered by allocation as determined by the Chief Electoral Office[3] and the party lists.

Party Name Electorate Term
National Murray McCully Albany Fourth
Labour Jim Sutton Aoraki Fourth
Labour Judith Tizard Auckland Central Third
National David Carter Banks Peninsula Second
National Tony Ryall Bay of Plenty Third
Labour Tim Barnett Christchurch Central First
Labour Larry Sutherland Christchurch East Fourth
National Bill English Clutha-Southland Third
National Murray McLean Coromandel First
Labour Pete Hodgson Dunedin North Third
Labour Michael Cullen Dunedin South Sixth
National Christine Fletcher Epsom Third
National Tony Steel Hamilton East Second
National Bob Simcock Hamilton West First
National Warren Kyd Hunua Fourth
Labour Trevor Mallard Hutt South Fourth
National Gerry Brownlee Ilam First
Labour Mark Peck Invercargill Second
National Doug Kidd Kaikōura Seventh
National John Luxton Karapiro Fourth
Labour Janet Mackey Mahia Second
Labour Graham Kelly Mana Fourth
Labour Taito Phillip Field Mangere Second
Labour Ross Robertson Manukau East Fourth
Labour George Hawkins Manurewa Third
National Belinda Vernon Maungakiekie First
Labour Geoff Braybrooke Napier Sixth
National Nick Smith Nelson Third
Labour Phil Goff New Lynn Fifth
Labour Harry Duynhoven New Plymouth Third
National Wayne Mapp North Shore First
National Ian Revell Northcote Third
National John Carter Northland Fourth
United NZ Peter Dunne Ohariu-Belmont Fifth
National Gavan Herlihy Otago First
Labour Judy Keall Otaki Fourth
Labour Helen Clark Owairaka Sixth
National Maurice Williamson Pakuranga Fourth
Labour Steve Maharey Palmerston North Third
National Bill Birch Port Waikato Ninth
National Jenny Shipley Rakaia Fourth
National Denis Marshall Rangitikei Fifth
Labour Paul Swain Rimutaka Third
National Lockwood Smith Rodney Fifth
Labour Annette King Rongotai Fourth
National Max Bradford Rotorua Third
National Clem Simich Tamaki Third
National Jim Bolger Taranaki-King Country Ninth
Labour Mark Burton Taupo Second
NZ First Winston Peters Tauranga Sixth
Labour Rick Barker Tukituki Second
Labour Mike Moore Waimakariri Eighth
National Brian Neeson Waipareira Third
National Wyatt Creech Wairarapa Fourth
National Marie Hasler Waitakere Second
ACT Richard Prebble Wellington Central Seventh
Labour Damien O'Connor West Coast-Tasman Second
Labour Jill Pettis Whanganui Second
National John Banks Whangarei Sixth
Alliance Jim Anderton Wigram Fifth
NZ First Rana Waitai X-01 Te Puku O Te Whenua First
NZ First Tuku Morgan X-02 Te Tai Hauāuru First
NZ First Tuariki Delamere X-03 Te Tai Rawhiti First
NZ First Tau Henare X-05Te Tai Tokerau Second
NZ First Tu Wyllie X-06 Te Tai Tonga First
Alliance Sandra Lee Y-008 Party list, rank 02 Second
ACT Derek Quigley Y-010 Party list, rank 02 Fourth
Alliance Jeanette Fitzsimons Y-008 Party list, rank 03 First
Alliance John Wright Y-008 Party list, rank 04 First
ACT Ken Shirley Y-010 Party list, rank 03 Third
Alliance Frank Grover Y-008 Party list, rank 05 First
NZ First Ann Batten Y-026 Party list, rank 03 First
Alliance Pam Corkery Y-008 Party list, rank 06 First
NZ First Peter McCardle Y-026 Party list, rank 04 Third
ACT Donna Awatere Huata Y-010 Party list, rank 04 First
NZ First Jenny Bloxham Y-026 Party list, rank 05 First
Alliance Matt Robson Y-008 Party list, rank 07 First
NZ First Brian Donnelly Y-044 Party list, rank 06 First
ACT Patricia Schnauer Y-010 Party list, rank 05 First
Alliance Laila Harré Y-008 Party list, rank 08 First
NZ First Jack Elder Y-044 Party list, rank 07 Fifth
Alliance Phillida Bunkle Y-008 Party list, rank 08 First
NZ First Doug Woolerton Y-078 Party list, rank 08 First
National Don McKinnon Y-080 Party list, rank 02 Seventh
ACT Owen Jennings Y-010 Party list, rank 06 First
National Paul East Y-080 Party list, rank 05 Seventh
NZ First Deborah Morris Y-078 Party list, rank 09 First
Labour Dover Samuels Y-081 Party list, rank 03 First
Alliance Rod Donald Y-029 Party list, rank 10 First
National Doug Graham Y-080 Party list, rank 06 Fifth
Labour Lianne Dalziel Y-081 Party list, rank 04 Third
National Georgina te Heuheu Y-094 Party list, rank 07 First
Labour Mark Gosche Y-081 Party list, rank 05 First
NZ First Ron Mark Y-061 Party list, rank 11 First
National Katherine O'Regan Y-094 Party list, rank 10 Fifth
Alliance Grant Gillon Y-029 Party list, rank 11 First
Labour Jonathan Hunt Y-079 Party list, rank 07 Eleventh
National Simon Upton Y-094 Party list, rank 11 Sixth
ACT Rodney Hide Y-010 Party list, rank 07 First
National Joy McLauchlan Y-094 Party list, rank 13 Third
Labour Nanaia Mahuta Y-079 Party list, rank 08 First
NZ First Neil Kirton Y-061 Party list, rank 13 First
National Roger Sowry Y-094 Party list, rank 15 Third
Labour Jill White Y-079 Party list, rank 09 Second
National Jim Gerard Y-094 Party list, rank 17 Fifth
Alliance Alamein Kopu Y-029 Party list, rank 12 First
Labour Marian Hobbs Y-079 Party list, rank 12 First
NZ First Peter Brown Y-026 Party list, rank 13 First
National Arthur Anae Y-094 Party list, rank 19 First
Labour Joe Hawke Y-079 Party list, rank 15 First
National Eric Roy Y-094 Party list, rank 23 Second
Labour Dianne Yates Y-098 Party list, rank 16 Second
National Peter Gresham Y-094 Party list, rank 24 Third
ACT Muriel Newman Y-010 Party list, rank 08 First
NZ First Robyn McDonald Y-026 Party list, rank 14 First
Alliance Liz Gordon Y-029 Party list, rank 13 First
National Roger Maxwell Y-094 Party list, rank 25 Fifth
Labour Ruth Dyson Y-098 Party list, rank 19 Second
National Pansy Wong Y-097 Party list, rank 26 First
Labour Tariana Turia Y-098 Party list, rank 20 First

By-elections during 45th Parliament

There was one by-election held during the term of the 45th Parliament.[4]

Electorate and by-electionDateIncumbentCauseWinner
Taranaki-King Country 1998 2 May Jim Bolger Resignation; appointed ambassador to Washington Shane Ardern

Summary of changes during term
  • Jim Gerard, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in April 1997 to take up a post as High Commissioner in Ottawa. He was replaced by Annabel Young, the next candidate on National's list.
  • Alamein Kopu, an Alliance list MP, resigned from her party in July 1997. She eventually formed her own party, Mana Wahine Te Ira Tangata.
  • Jim Bolger, having been replaced as Prime Minister by Jenny Shipley in 1997, left Parliament in 1998. This caused a by-election in his Taranaki-King Country seat, won by Shane Ardern of the National Party.
  • Neil Kirton, a New Zealand First list MP, resigned from his party in July 1998 after ongoing conflict with its leadership. Kirton opposed his party's coalition with the National Party, and believed that the National Party was too dominant in the agreement. Kirton became an independent.
  • After the collapse of the coalition between the National Party and New Zealand First, the junior partner, New Zealand First, splintered. Eight MPs (Jenny Bloxham, Peter Brown, Brian Donnelly, Ron Mark, Robyn McDonald, Winston Peters, Doug Woolerton, and Tu Wyllie) remained with the party, and eight MPs (Ann Batten, Tuariki Delamere, Jack Elder, Tau Henare, Peter McCardle, Tuku Morgan, Deborah Morris, and Rana Waitai) resigned and become independents. The MPs who resigned did not remain united, and eventually split four ways.
    • Batten, Elder, Henare, Morgan, and Waitai established the Mauri Pacific party.
    • Delamere joined the Te Tawharau party.
    • Morris resigned from Parliament. She was replaced by Gilbert Myles, the next candidate on her former party's list. Myles remained attached to New Zealand First.
    • McCardle remained an independent.
  • Jill White, a Labour Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1998 to become Mayor of Palmerston North. She was replaced by Helen Duncan, the next candidate on Labour's list.
  • Paul East, a National Party list MP, resigned from Parliament in 1999 to take up a post as High Commissioner in London. He was replaced by Alec Neill, the next candidate on National's list.
  • Frank Grover, an Alliance list MP, resigned from his party on 11 June 1999. He joined the Christian Heritage Party.

See also

References
  1. "1996 and beyond - the road to MMP - The road to MMP | NZHistory, New Zealand history online". nzhistory.govt.nz. Retrieved 9 May 2018.
  2. "1996 GENERAL ELECTION - OFFICIAL RESULTS AND STATISTICS". www.electionresults.govt.nz. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  3. "Part III - Party Lists of Successful Registered Parties" (PDF). Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  4. "1998 Taranaki-King Country By-election - 2 May 1998". www.electionresults.govt.nz. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
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