Ab-i Istada

Ab-i Istada ("standing water"[1]) is an endorheic salt lake in Nawa District, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan. It lies in a large depression created by the Chaman Fault system in the southern foothills of the Hindu Kush, 125 kilometres (78 mi) south-southwest of Ghazni.[1]

Ab-e Istada
Āb-e Istāda, Ab-e Estada, Āb-e Īstādeh-e Moqor, Lake Istada
Ab-e Istada in November 1996. The Kabul–Kandahar Highway is visible in the top left corner.
Ab-e Istada
Location	Nawa District, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan
Coordinates	32.5°N 67.9°E / 32.5; 67.9
Type	Salt lake
Native name	آب ایستاده  (Persian)
Primary inflows	Ghazni River, Sardeh River, Nahara River
Catchment area	17,252 km2 (6,661 sq mi)
Basin countries	Afghanistan
Surface area	130 km2 (50 sq mi)
Max. depth	3.7 m (12 ft)
Surface elevation	2,070 m (6,790 ft)
Islands	Loya ghundai, Kuchney ghundai

In modern times the lake has been reported to have a surface area of 130 square kilometres (50 sq mi),[2] although it dries out periodically.[1][3] It is very shallow, not exceeding 3.7 m (12 ft) in depth.[4] There are two small islands near the lake's southeastern shore, Loya ghundai (2,500 m² (27,000 sq ft)) and Kuchney ghundai (500 m² (5,400 sq ft)).[2] The water is highly alkaline and mass die-offs of freshwater fish from the Ghazni River sometimes occur.[1]

The main inflows into Ab-i Istada are the Ghazni, Sardeh and Nahara Rivers, which drain into it from the northeast.[3] The watershed draining into the lake covers 17,252 square kilometres (6,661 sq mi) and was home to over 1.8 million people in 2003.[5] Three sets of raised beaches surrounding the lake have been noted at 2–3 m (6 ft 7 in–9 ft 10 in), 6–7 m (20–23 ft) and 9–10 m (30–33 ft) above the normal lake level.[1] At high water levels, the lake is known to overflow into the Lora River, a tributary of the Arghistan River,[5] through two channels on the south side of the lake, Akasi Mandeh and Sekva Mandeh. A groundwater connection between the lake and the Lora drainage has been suggested.[1]

Historically the area around the lake was unpopulated, although nomads from Kandahar visited it in the summer. More recently, the Tarakai have settled near the lake: in 2003 there were eight villages within 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) with a total population of approximately 5000.[3] Economic activities around the lake include trapping of saker and peregrine falcons,[3] grazing and collection of fuel wood.[2]

The wetlands around Ab-i Istada attract a variety of migratory birds, over 120 species having previously been recorded.[2] Babur observed enormous flocks of greater flamingoes at the lake;[6] their numbers in recent years have varied between 0 and 9000.[3] The wetlands were once a critical stopover for the central migratory population of Siberian cranes, but these have not been sighted at the lake since 1986.[3] In 1974, the Afghani government proclaimed a Waterfowl and Flamingo Sanctuary around the lake,[2] causing considerable resentment among the locals;[3] conservation efforts ended with the Soviet invasion in 1979 and have not been restarted since.[2]