Adobe Walls, Texas

Adobe Walls is a ghost town in Hutchinson County, 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Stinnett, in the U.S. state of Texas. It was established in 1843 as a trading post for buffalo hunters and local Native American trade in the vicinity of the Canadian River. It later became a ranching community. Historically, Adobe Walls is the site of two decisive battles between Native Americans and settlers. In November 1864 First Battle of Adobe Walls, Native Americans successfully repelled attacking troops led by Kit Carson. Ten years later, on June 27, 1874, known as the Second Battle of Adobe Walls, civilians at the Adobe Walls trading post successfully fought off an attack by a war party of mainly Comanche and Cheyenne warriors led by the Comanche chief Quanah Parker.[3] The second battle led to a military campaign which resulted in Indian relocation to Indian Territory.

Adobe Walls
Adobe Walls
Adobe Walls
LocationAddress restricted[1]
Nearest cityStinnett, Texas
Area2 acres (0.81 ha)
Built1843 (1843)
NRHP reference No.78002958[2]
Added to NRHPMay 22, 1978

On May 22, 1978, the Adobe Walls site was added to the National Register of Historic Places in Texas, and in 1979 recognized as a Texas state archeological landmark.[4]

Establishment

In 1843, the trading firm of Bent, St. Vrain & Company established a log structure trading site on what is now known as Bent Creek[5] in Hutchinson County. In 1845, they replaced the log structure with an adobe brick 80 feet (24 m) square single-entrance fort, with walls that rose 9 feet (2.7 m). The fort was closed in 1848, due to Indian depredations. In 1849, William Bent found part of his livestock slaughtered by local Indians. He blew up the remains of the fort and departed the panhandle of Texas.[6]

By the time of the renowned battles, the adobe structure was permanently abandoned, leaving only the crumbling adobe walls.[7] In 1874, a new complex was erected north of the ruins by traders from Kansas.[6][8]

"Bent's Creek, west of the Walls, flowed from the northwest in a southeasterly direction to the Canadian, passing close to the ruins of old Adobe Walls, about a mile and a quarter south of the new Adobe Walls...East of Adobe Walls lay the open valley of Adobe Walls Creek, terminating in a growth of willows, cottonwoods, hackberry, chinaberry, and stunted elms that fringed this stream...".[9]:196

Dixon described the 1874 establishment, "All the buildings at Adobe Walls faced to the east, the main ones standing in a row. On the south was the store of Rath & Wright, with a great pile of buffalo hides at the rear. Then came Hanrahan's saloon, and fifty yards or so north of the latter was the store of Leonard & Myers, the building forming the northeast corner of the big picket stockade. In the southwest corner of the stockade was a mess house and the store as well. The blacksmith's shop was located just north of Hanrahan's saloon. The adobe walls of the main buildings were about two feet thick."[9]:195–196

The battles of Adobe Walls

First battle
Main article: First Battle of Adobe Walls

In November 1864, an estimated 3,000 Kiowa, Comanche and Plains Apache repelled an attacking 372 Army troops under Kit Carson in what became known as the First Battle of Adobe Walls.[10][11]

Second battle
Main article: Second Battle of Adobe Walls

On June 27, 1874, known as the Second Battle of Adobe Walls, twenty-eight trading post civilians repelled seven hundred attacking Native Americas led by Isa-tai and Quanah Parker.[12]

Post battle era

Following the battles and the Indian relocation, buffalo hunters would still come, but the herds had thinned. The Turkey Track Ranch was established, but the population of the area remained sparse.[13] Human remains were left scattered on the battlefields.[14]

In 1883, civilian Medal of Honor Recipient Billy Dixon (1850–1913) hired on at the Turkey Track Ranch. He filed for two sections of land at Bent Creek and erected a log house. In 1902, Dixon and his family moved to Plemons.[15][16] The first school building was destroyed by fire in 1920, and a temporary school was held on the second floor of Billy Dixon's former home at Bent Creek, until a new one would be erected.[6]

Dixon was appointed the first postmaster when Adobe Walls received its post office on August 3, 1887. Dixon ran the post office out of his home, where he and business partner S.G. Carter also had a store. He served as postmaster until 1901, at which time Otto Anderson was appointed postmaster. The post office when it was closed in 1921 and mail service moved to Plemons.[17]

Adobe Walls was a polling site, and voting there in the 19th Century was a multi-day community event that included barbecue and accompaniments.[14] Today, Adobe Walls is a ghost town.

In 1923 the Panhandle-Plains Historical Society became owners of the remains of the 1874 trading post, and conducted archeological excavations in the 1970s.[18]

Notable persons
  • Quanah Parker Comanche warrior who led the raid of the Second Battle of Adobe Walls
  • Billy Dixon (1850–1913) Medal of Honor awarded November 4, 1874, for gallantry in action on September 12, 1874 (Buffalo Wallow Fight).[19] In 1916, Dixon's was one of nine hundred medals withdrawn as "unwarranted". The U.S. Army Board of Correction of Records restored the medal in 1989.[20]

See also

References
  1. Federal and state laws and practices restrict general public access to information regarding the specific location of this resource. In some cases, this is to protect archeological sites from vandalism, while in other cases it is restricted at the request of the owner. See: Knoerl, John; Miller, Diane; Shrimpton, Rebecca H. (1990), Guidelines for Restricting Information about Historic and Prehistoric Resources, National Register Bulletin, National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, OCLC 20706997.
  2. "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
  3. T. Lindsay Baker; Billy R. Harrison (16 August 2001). Adobe Walls: The History and Archaeology of the 1874 Trading Post. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 51–52. ISBN 978-1-58544-176-1.
  4. "THC-Battle site Adobe Walls". Recorded Texas Historic Landmark. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  5. "Bent Creek". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  6. Anderson, H. Allen. "TSHA-Adobe Walls, Tx". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  7. Baker, Harrison, Price (2001) p.138
  8. Holden, W.C. (1962). Graves, Lawrence (ed.). Indians, Spaniards, and Anglos, in A History of Lubbock. Lubbock: West Texas Museum Association. pp. 32–33.
  9. Dixon, O., Life and Adventures of "Billy" Dixon, 1914, Guthrie: Co-operative Publishing Company
  10. "1864-The Battle at Adobe Walls". buffalosoldier.net. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  11. "THC-First Battle of Adobe Walls". Recorded Texas Historic Landmark. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  12. "TSL-Battle of Adobe Walls". Indian Relations in Texas. Texas State Library and Archives Commission. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  13. Baker, Harrison, Price (2001) pp.110, 111
  14. Baker, Harrison, Price (2001) p.112
  15. "Billy Dixon TSHA". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
  16. Dixon, Billy (2008) [1914]. "XIII". Life and Adventures of 'Billy' Dixon of Adobe Walls, Texas Panhandle. BiblioLife. ISBN 978-0-559-32678-3.
  17. "Hutchinson County Post Offices". Jim Wheat. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  18. Baker, Harrison, Price (2001) pp.123, 124, 125
  19. Anderson, H. Allen. "Buffalo Wallow Fight". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 2 March 2011.
  20. "Medal of Honor Recipients-Indian Wars Period". U.S. Army Center of Military Intelligence. Retrieved 1 March 2011.

Additional sourcing
  • Baker, T. Lindsay; Harrison, Billy R.; Price, B. Byron (2001). Adobe Walls: The History and Archaeology of the 1874 Trading Post. TAMU Press. ISBN 978-1-58544-176-1.
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