Afrophidia

Afrophidia is a clade of alethinophidian snakes comprising the groups Henophidia and Caenophidia, essentially making up the snakes people commonly associate with.[1][2][3][4] The name refers to the deep split between Afrophidia and their sister taxon, Amerophidia, which originated in South American origin, and the afrophidians was recently hypothesized to represent a vicariant event of the breakup of Gondwanan South America and Africa.[1]

Afrophidia
Temporal range: 84.9–0 Ma Late Cretaceous to Present
Boa (Boa constrictor)
Eastern racer (Coluber constrictor)
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Infraorder: Alethinophidia
Clade: Afrophidia
Vidal, Delmas & Hedges, 2007
Subclades

Unlike the scolecophidians and amerophidians, which have evolved to be small, the afrophidians have evolved many larger species. This is also the group in which venom has been developed in several lines of snakes.[1]

Below is a phylogeny of Afrophidia recovered from numerous phylogenetic work on snakes:[1][5][2][3]

Afrophidia
Henophidia
Uropeltoidea

Uropeltidae

Cylindrophiidae

Anomochilidae

Pythonoidea

Xenopeltidae

Loxocemidae

Pythonidae

Booidea

Calabariidae

Sanziniidae

Charinidae

Charininae

Ungaliophiinae

Erycidae

Candoiidae

Boidae

Bolyerioidea

Xenophidiidae

Bolyeriidae

Caenophidia
Anomalophioidea

Anomalophiidae

Russellophioidea

Russellophiidae

Acrochordoidea

Nigerophiidae

Acrochordidae

Palaeophiidae

Archaeophinae

Palaeophiinae

Colubroides

Xenodermidae

Colubriformes
Pareidae

Pareinae

Xylophiinae

Viperidae

Viperinae

Azemiopinae

Crotalinae

Homalopsidae

Elapoidea

Prosymnidae

Buhoma

Psammophiidae

Pseudaspidinae

Psammophiinae

Lamprophiidae

Pseudoxyrhophiinae

Micrelapiinae

Psammodynastiinae

Lamprophiinae

Elapidae

Calliophiinae

Micrurinae

Najinae

Bungarinae

Elapsoidea

Hydrophiinae

Atractaspididae

Cyclocorinae

Atractaspidinae

Colubroidea
Colubridae

Grayiinae

Calamariinae

Ahaetuliinae

Colubrinae

Sibynophiidae

Natricidae

Pseudoxenodontidae

Dipsadidae

Carphophiinae

Xenodontinae

Dipsadinae

References

  1. Hedges, SB; Marin, J; Suleski, M; Paymer, M; Kumar, S (2015). "Tree of Life Reveals Clock-Like Speciation and Diversification". Mol Biol Evol. 32 (4): 835–845. arXiv:1412.4312. doi:10.1093/molbev/msv037. PMC 4379413. PMID 25739733.
  2. Reynolds, R. G.; Niemiller, M. L.; Revell, L. J. (2014). "Toward a Tree-of-Life for the boas and pythons: Multilocus species-level phylogeny with unprecedented taxon sampling" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 71: 201–213. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2013.11.011. PMID 24315866. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-12-02. Retrieved 2019-03-05.
  3. Figueroa, A.; McKelvy, A. D.; Grismer, L. L.; Bell, C. D.; Lailvaux, S. P. (2016). "A species-level phylogeny of extant snakes with description of a new colubrid subfamily and genus". PLOS ONE. 11 (9): e0161070. Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1161070F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161070. PMC 5014348. PMID 27603205.
  4. Zheng, Y; Wiens, JJ (2016). "Combining phylogenomic and supermatrix approaches, and a time-calibrated phylogeny for squamate reptiles (lizards and snakes) based on 52 genes and 4162 species". Molecular Phylogenetics & Evolution. 94 (Pt B): 537–547. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.009. PMID 26475614.
  5. Pyron; Burbrink; Wiens (2013). "A phylogeny and revised classification of Squamata, including 4161 species of lizards and snakes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 13: 93. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-13-93. PMC 3682911. PMID 23627680.
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