Almighty Black P. Stone Nation

The Almighty Black P. Stone Nation, or BPSN, is an American organization founded in Chicago, estimated to have more than 100,000 members. The gang was originally formed in the late 1950s as the Blackstone Rangers. The organization was co-founded by Eugene Hairston and Jeff Fort. In later years, under Fort's leadership, an Islamic faction of the gang emerged, naming themselves the "El Rukn tribe of the Moorish Science Temple of America" (or simply El Rukn, Arabic for "the pillar" or "the foundation").[2][3][4]

"Black Stones" redirects here. For other uses, see Blackstones (disambiguation).
Almighty Black P. Stone Nation
Founded1959 (1959)
Named afterBlackstone Avenue
Founding locationChicago, Illinois, U.S.
Years active1959–present
TerritoryNationwide
EthnicityPredominantly African American
Membership30,000+ (Nationwide)[1]
Activities
Allies Libya (until 2011)
People Nation
Vice Lords
Bloods
Black Disciples (some sets)
RivalsFolk Nation
Gangster Disciples
Aryan Brotherhood
Notable members

They eventually started describing themselves as Orthodox Sunni Muslims. Jeff Fort changed their fort name from El Rukn Moorish Science Mosque to El Rukn Sunni Masjid al-Malik.[5][6]

Background

Considered by law enforcement authorities to be Chicago's most powerful and sophisticated street organization,[7] the BPSN finances itself through a wide array of criminal activities and is part of the large Chicago organization alliance known as the People Nation.[8]

Under Fort's command, the BPSN assumed an increasingly revolutionary outlook as it became associated with the black nationalism movement, eventually attracting the attention of the Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan, who introduced them to Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi and Nicaragua's Sandinistas. In 1986, four of its members were indicted for conspiring to commit terrorist acts in the United States for the Libyan Government.[2][7] The verdict marked the first time American citizens had been found guilty of planning terrorist acts for a foreign government in return for money.[9]

The BPSN originated, and is based, on the South Side of Chicago in the Woodlawn neighborhood.[10] It has expanded into other areas.

History

The Blackstone Rangers were founded at the St. Charles Institution for Troubled Youth[11] by Jeff Fort and Eugene Hairston as a community organization for black youth in the Woodlawn area of South Chicago. Between 1961 and 1963, they evolved into one of the most dangerous and powerful gangs in Chicago.[12]

Fort seized upon the gang's changed mission, renaming it the Black P.(Peace) Stone Nation. He transformed the BPSN into a black nationalistic group, and continued to involve the gang in street crime and drug trafficking. BPSN co-founder Eugene Hairston was incarcerated on drug charges in June 1966 and was eventually murdered in 1988. Fort was arrested for mismanagement of government grants totaling $927,000 from the U.S. Office of Economic Opportunity in March 1972. Fort was released in 1976, but was later re-incarcerated on drug charges in the early 1980s. At the same time he was released from prison, Fort converted to Islam and imbued the BPSN with Islamic overtones, and adopted the name Abdul Malik Ka'bah.[13]

According to former gang member Lance Williams, Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan was responsible for introducing Fort to Libyan leader Muammar al-Gaddafi. Following meetings during 1986 with Libyan operatives from Colonel Gaddafi's government, Fort was arrested. In 1987, Fort was tried and convicted for conspiring with Libya to perform acts of domestic terrorism.[2] He was sentenced to 80 years imprisonment and transferred to the United States Penitentiary, Marion (the federal supermax prison) in Marion, Illinois.[14][15][16]

In 1988, Fort was also convicted of ordering the 1981 murder of a rival gang leader and was sentenced to 75 years in prison to be served after the completion of his terror conspiracy sentence.[17][18]

Notes
  1. "Leader Of The Black P Stone Nation organization Sentenced To Over Twelve Years In Prison For Heroin Trafficking". The United States Attorney’s Office Western District of Michigan.
  2. Malcolm, Andrew H. (October 31, 1986). "4 in Chicago organization Indicted in Libyan Terror Plot". The New York Times.
  3. Blau, Robert; O'Brien, John (September 8, 1991). "Rise And Fall of El Rukn: Jeff Fort's Evil Empire". Chicago Tribune.
  4. Florida Department of Corrections. "Street Gangs – Chicago Based or Influenced: People Nation and Folk Nation". State of Florida. Archived from the original on 2008-03-16. Retrieved 2008-03-08.
  5. Shipp, E.R. (December 27, 1985). "Chicago organization Sues to Be Recognized as Religion". The New York Times. Retrieved 2018-08-08.
  6. Smith, Brent L. (1994). Terrorism in America: Pipe Bombs and Pipe Dreams. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791417591.
  7. Maurice Possley and William B. Crawford Jr. (October 31, 1986). "El Rukns Indicted in Libya Scheme". Chicago Tribune.
  8. Kenneth O'Reilly, Racial Matters: The FBI's File on Black America, 1960 - 1972 (New York: Free Press, 1991), p. 409.
  9. "Gaddafi's Goons". Time Inc. December 7, 1987.
  10. Lance Williams, "The Black Pyramid Stone: Black Power, Politics, and Gangbanging," University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health, February 12, 2001.
  11. Knox, George W. (2003). "GANG PROFILE UPDATE: The Black P. Stone Nation (BPSN)". National Gang Crime Research Center. Archived from the original on 2008-01-18. Retrieved 2016-01-17.
  12. McPherson, James A. (May 1969). "Chicago's Blackstone Rangers". Atlantic Monthly. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  13. Dart, Robert W. (1992). "Views from the Field: The Future is Here Today: Street Gang Trends". Journal of Gang Research. 1 (1): 87–90.
  14. "Five Draw Long Sentences for Terrorism Scheme". The New York Times (Associated Press). 1987-12-31. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  15. Don Terry. "In Chicago Courtroom, Nation's First Super Gang Fights for Life", The New York Times; May 19, 1991; retrieved December 28, 2007.
  16. Rossi, Rosalind. "How the Law Won War With El Rukns", Chicago Sun-Times; August 24, 1992.
  17. "GANG CHIEF GUILTY IN RIVAL'S SLAYING", New York Times, October 20, 1988; retrieved December 21, 2007.
  18. Rossi, Rosalind. "75 more years for Fort 4 other Rukns draw stiff terms", Chicago Sun-Times, pg. 3; November 15, 1988.

Further reading
  • 2011 The Almighty Black P Stone Nation: The Rise, Fall, and Resurgence of an American Gang. Natalie Y. Moore (Author), Lance Williams (Author) ISBN 978-1-55652-845-3
  • Cooley, Will. "'Stones Run It': Taking Back Control of Organized Crime in Black Chicago, 1940-1975", Journal of Urban History 37:6 (November 2011), pp. 911–32.
  • Cooley, Will (2017). "Jim Crow Organized Crime: Black Chicago's Underground Economy in the Twentieth Century," in Building the Black Metropolis: African American Entrepreneurship in Chicago, Robert Weems and Jason Chambers, eds. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, pp. 147–70; ISBN 978-0252082948.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.