Serbian mafia

Serbian organized crime or Serbian mafia (Serbian: Cpпска мафија / Srpska mafija) are various criminal organizations based in Serbia or composed of ethnic Serbs in the former Yugoslavia and Serbian diaspora. The organizations are primarily involved in smuggling, arms trafficking, heists, drug trafficking, protection rackets, and illegal gambling. The mafia is composed of several major organized groups, which in turn have wider networks throughout Europe.

Serbian mafia
TerritorySerbia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia, European Union, North America, Australia, Africa, South America
EthnicitySerbs
Criminal activitiesArms trafficking, human trafficking, assault, bribery, burglary, extortion, fraud, illegal gambling, kidnapping, money laundering, murder, corruption, racketeering, smuggling, theft.
AlliesItalian Mafia
Romanian mafia
Ukrainian mafia
Montenegrin mafia
Russian mafia
Bulgarian mafia
Israeli mafia
Notable memberssee list of notable Serbian mafioso

It includes some highly successful groups, including one of the largest cocaine import enterprises in Europe "Groupa Amerika", and the "YACS" Crime Group, out of NYC. The "Pink Panthers" is responsible for some of the biggest heists ever committed.[1] Its origin dates back to SFRY, which had very low crime rate, as criminals were allowed to live peacefully in Yugoslavia as long as they restricted their operations to abroad, and then bring the stolen goods and capital back to be spent at home. The Serbian mafia gave many Serbs a perceived way out of the economic disaster that occurred in the country following the implementation of internationally imposed sanctions against Serbia during the Yugoslav Wars. Serbian criminals have been recruited into state security forces, a notable example being Milorad "Legija" Ulemek, a commander in Arkan's Tigers, which was re-labelled as the JSO (Red Berets) after the war.

Ethnic Serb organized crime groups are organized horizontally; higher-ranked members are not necessarily coordinated by any leader.[2]

History

Ljubomir Magaš, aka Ljuba Zemunac, was known as the "Godfather" of the Serbian mafia during the 1970s and 1980s. He and his gang operated in Germany and Italy during this time.[3] He was assassinated in 1986 by his rival Goran "Majmun" Vuković. Vukasin Despotović & Dario Ivišić operated in the Netherlands and became one of the most powerful gangsters through his elimination of rivals while working as a hitman and took over the drug trade in the Netherlands.[4] The drug that was smuggled was cocaine from Colombia[4] and "Joca Amsterdam" became known as the "Cocaine King".[5] He worked for "Duja" Bećirović as an underboss and later lived in Bulgaria where he successfully smuggled drugs until his arrest in 2002. Upon returning to Serbia, he took over companies by force, utilizing the Surčin clan,[4] (one of three then most powerful "clans" of Belgrade). He was later involved in the 2008 assassination of Ivo Pukanić, a Croatian journalist killed by a car bomb.

Željko "Arkan" Ražnatović was a successful bank robber in Western Europe in the 1970s. He had convictions and warrants in Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Italy. However, he managed to escape from several prisons and then made connections with several known criminals from Yugoslavia during his time there. In the 1980s he returned to Serbia where he became involved with illegal businesses and led the Red Star Belgrade supporters' group "Delije Sever" ("Ultras").[6]

The real breakthrough for criminal organizations in Serbia occurred in early 1990s, when the Yugoslav Wars erupted in first Croatia and then Bosnia. The Serbs, Croats and Bosniaks fought over territory in Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. International sanctions were imposed on Serbia starting in May 1992 and Serbia became economically isolated. This prompted the breakthrough for criminal organizations. Desperate for money, many former soldiers and youngsters turned to a life of crime.

In 1992, members of the "Peca" gang were arrested in a massive police-operation. One of the gang's members was Dušan Spasojević, who later became the head of the Zemun clan.[7] A young mobster from the Belgrade suburb of Voždovac, Aleksandar "Knele" Knežević, was murdered in October of that year, prompting a brief, but violent Gang War in Belgrade.[8]

Arkan was the founder and leader of the Serb Volunteer Guard (Arkan's Tigers), a Serb paramilitary unit that fought during the Yugoslav Wars. The unit's members were mostly newly recruited Red Star Belgrade hooligans and gangsters from Serbia.[6] Those who joined the unit profited on the battlefields by looting and stealing. Arkan later founded the Party of Serbian Unity in 1993. By the time he returned home, he had become the most powerful member of the Serbian Mafia. He married singer Svetlana "Ceca" Ražnatović.[9]

Since the days of SFRY, the mafia has sometimes been protected in exchange for political favors, thus having a direct connection to their activities. Stane Dolanc, a Slovene, instrumentalized the mafia for political assassinations abroad. In the 90s, the Mafia profited by smuggling cigarettes, alcohol and oil. Businessman Stanko Subotić was the person that made the largest profit at this time, as cigarettes and oil were in such high demand because of the sanctions. Subotić's net worth is estimated to be €650 million.[10] After Milošević's fall from power, Subotić maintained connections with Montenegrin President Milo Đukanović, who granted him political favours.[11]

From 1994–2000, illegal cigarette smuggling in Italy was operated by the Serbian mafia in coordination with the Italian Mafia.[12] Serb and Montenegrin soldiers who had returned from the front-lines of the Yugoslav wars found the only way to make a profit was by turning to a life of crime. The most common crimes were assassinations, kidnappings, drug and cigarette trafficking, robberies, money laundering, racketeering and illegal software production.[2] In 1998, 350 kilograms of heroin were seized at the Serbian-Bulgarian border.[13]

Arkan's tomb

On 15 January 2000, Arkan was assassinated in the lobby of the Continental Hotel in Belgrade. Slobodan Milošević was dethroned in the October 2000 Bulldozer Revolution. However, a bloody feud soon emerged among the different criminal "clans" of Belgrade. The feud grew into an open war in which many of the key Mafia bosses were assassinated.[9] In 2000, a total of some €841,000,000 was made in illegal profits in Serbia.[14]

Monument of Ivan Stambolić near the site of the killing

25 August 2000. Ivan Stambolić, former Serbian president was abducted in Belgrade, just before the federal election in which it was mentioned that he could be included as a candidate for the President of the FRY, and since then he disappeared without a trace. The remains of Stambolić were discovered on 28 March 2003. He was killed on the same day he had been hijacked by members of the Zemun clan. The funeral was on 8 April.

By the early 2000s, the Serbian mafia reportedly had more money than the Serbian government and was better armed than the Serbian Army and Serbian police, according to Serbian Interior Minister Dušan Mihajlović, who claimed Slobodan Milošević had given life to crime-syndicates as a "state-sanctioned mafia". Prostitutes from Russia, Belarus and the Ukraine were smuggled into Serbia. After Milošević fell from power, the Mafia began seeking a new contact in the government.[11] In September 2001, 700 kilograms of heroin was found in a bank vault rented by the BIA in central Belgrade. The illegal safekeeping was never explained, nor brought up. In exchange for information about Kosovo Albanian terrorists, the Zemun Gang was provided "special training courses" by the Serbian Special Forces.[13]

In 2011, Dr Gilly McKenzie, an Interpol Organized Crime Unit expert, compiled a "White Book" containing 52 criminal organizations of Serbia, none of which had been terminated by the year's end. In the same year, it was concluded that the Protection rackets in port cities on the Black Sea were run by Serbian, Russian and Ukrainian criminals.[15]

Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić was assassinated on 12 March 12, 2003, by members of the Special Operations Unit (Red Berets).

Beginning with the Yugoslav wars and ending with the assassination of Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić in March 2003, connections between the mafia and the government were obvious and corruption was rampant in most branches of the government, from border patrols to law-enforcement agencies. On 12 March 2003, Đinđić was assassinated by a former Serbian Special Operations Unit member, Zvezdan Jovanović. "Legija" was also involved in the assassination and was sentenced to 50 years in prison.[9]

Đinđić had connections within the Surčin Gang that dated back to the earlier overthrowing of Milošević. The government set in motion an operation against organized crime - "Operation Sabre", which led to more than 10,000 arrests. Many New Belgrade malls, locations frequented by gangsters, were closed after the Operation,[9] 123 criminal groups were shattered with 844 members awaiting trial; 3,949 people had criminal complaints issued against them. 28 kilograms of heroin, 463 grams of cocaine, 44,837 kilograms of marijuana, 4,960 kilograms of synthetic drugs and 688 stolen cars were recovered in a single day.[16] Milan Sarajlić, the Deputy State Prosecutor of Serbia was arrested that day and later confessed to being on the payroll of the Zemun clan.[17]

In November 2003, 140 kilograms of marijuana were seized in Belgrade and 4 people were arrested.[18] The Red Berets were dissolved on 23 March 2003.[2] In 2005, it was confirmed that Serbia had lost 7,500,000 RSD daily due to economic crime, with the estimated total loss to criminal activity being estimated to be approximately €200,000,000 yearly.[14] In 2006, it was revealed that Dušan Spasojević, leader of the Zemun clan, was connected to Serbian Radical leader Vojislav Šešelj, to whom he had allegedly given information about high-profile murders carried out in Serbia, which Šešelj wrote about.[19]

In January 2009, Serbian Interior Minister Ivica Dačić estimated that between 30 and 40 serious organized crime groups were operating in Serbia.[20] The figures provided by Dačić did not include smaller criminal groups but more organized ones that were involved in drug and arms trafficking, human trafficking, murder and protection rackets.

In September 2009, 22 members of the Elez group were arrested by the Serbian police, dubbed the most dangerous gang in Western Balkans.[21] The leader, Darko Elez, was captured with five other members in Serbia. 13 others were captured in Bosnia, including three police officers.[21] Police seized 2.8 tons (2,800 kg, worth 120 million €[22]) of cocaine shipment from Uruguay on 17 October 2009, the BIA and American DEA made the joint operation.[23][24][25] On 31 October 2009, Serbian police arrested over 500 people in the biggest anti-drug bust ever in Serbia.[25]

The Interior Ministry organized the Morava-operation that would focus on drug trafficking to young people in the primary and secondary schools, clubs and cafes and would encompass 2,000 police officers searching the whole country.[26]

In November 2009, Argentine police arrested five Serbian drug couriers and seized their 492 kilograms of cocaine in Buenos Aires,[25] One of the largest drug busts in 2009.[27] The routes of the drugs were from Uruguay and Argentina via Central alt. South Africa to Northern Italy alt. Turkey to Montenegro.[25] Serbian organized crime experts estimated 10,000 foot soldiers part of 5 major organized crime groups operating in Serbia.[28] A courier package of 5 kilos cocaine was intercepted from Paraguay, 4 Serbs from Belgrade were arrested.[24] The busts were part of the Operation Balkan Warrior; an international drug smuggling case that involves mainly the Zemun clan, led by, among others, Željko Vujanović.[23]

In December 2009, Interior Minister Ivica Dačić said "half of the Serbian sport clubs are led by people with links to organized crime".[29] 21 kilos of heroin ($1,5-million) were found in a Belgrade flat rented by a Montenegrin national. The drugs were brought from Turkey.[30]

In January 2010, a 20-acre (81,000 m2) lot illegally owned by the Zemun clan was seized at Šilerova Street, Zemun, Belgrade, the clan's headquarters.[27] By 21 January, the Balkan Warrior Operation included 19 suspects, 9 of whom were already in custody. New arrestees included Darko Šarić[31] and Goran Soković.[23] That same day, an 8-man crime group involved in stealing of oil over a two-year period from the NIS pipelines, the crude oil was sold through a company, worth several hundred thousands of euros, among the arrested is a member of the MUP.[32]

On 10 February 2010, Serbian top officials said serious death threats from the narco-mafia have been directed against President Boris Tadić, Deputy Prime minister and Interior minister Ivica Dačić, Special prosecutor for organized crime Miljko Radisavljević, and other top government officials.[22] On 18 February, a group of six robbers from Belgrade were arrested, they had since 2008 stolen more than 10 million RSD from banks, post offices, gas stations, exchange offices and stores.[33]

On 19 February 2010, Interior Minister Dačić said more than 50 suspects were arrested today in an ongoing operation aimed against financial crime and money laundering conducted in Valjevo, Novi Sad, Belgrade, Šabac, Sremska Mitrovica, Čačak and Sombor.[34]

In March 2010, Stanko "Cane" Subotić, head of the so-called "Tobacco mafia", accused Nebojša Medojević, the Montenegrin party leader of Movement for Change of having organized a manhunt for him. Medojević had claimed that Cane and Darko Šarić had been hiding in a Montenegrin police villa in Žabljak, while Cane said in an interview that he was in Geneva, Switzerland.[35] On 11 March, a "well-known" entrepreneur was arrested with 1.2 kilograms of heroin meant for resale in Jagodina.[36]

On 19 March, Boris Tadić vowed all-out war on the Serbian mafia, in particular drug trafficking that is considered the biggest threat in society. He claimed to have evidence that Serbian cartels have attempted to penetrate state institutions to destabilise the government. "The latest property seizures prove that those groups have laundered narco money by investing not only into their personal houses and land but also in tourism, factories and distribution of the press", Tadić said.[37] On 28 March 2010, two Bosnian Serbs from Novi Pazar were arrested at Zagreb Airport with at least 1.7 kilograms of cocaine for the Serbian drug market. The pure cocaine came from Lima, Peru where they had spent the month traveling from Belgrade. The drugs were worth an estimated €70,000 on the streets of Croatia.[38]

In April 2010, it was concluded that Šarić's gang had planned an operation against Serbian officials, including the president. Encrypted messages in local newspapers were deciphered by investigators and after long surveillance of the clan it was concluded that several hitmen were to kill Serbian officials of the MUP, BIA and state officials in a synchronized and highly well-coordinated way. The Šarić clan wants to liquidate people that are in their way, after the Balkan Warrior Operation that heavily decreased crime in Serbia and Montenegro.[39] On 14 May 2010, three Serbs who worked security for one of Bolivia's top drug lords were killed in a shootout with rival crime groups; the drug lord was kidnapped.[40]

Dačić submitted the work report for 2009; the police had uncovered 7 OC groups and arrested 86 people. He said that by the end of 2009 there were 27 registered OC groups active, with each group having more than 200 members.[41] There is/was an ongoing investigation against Zemun clan members involved in assassinations who claim Šešelj ordered the assassination of Tomislav Nikolić.[42]

In 2010 it was revealed that the Šarić gang had, from 2008–09, ousted the 'Ndrangheta from the drug market. With the emergence of the gang on Italian soil, the gang offered better quality cocaine for a lower price, effectively gaining the market from 2007–09, trafficking cocaine from South America. Operation Balkan Warrior was successful in Italy, with over 80 people arrested. Two networks were among the arrested, one Italian, with members from Milan and other northern Italian towns, and the other, a Serbian network, with members from Serbia, Montenegro and Slovenia. The Serbian network has operatives all over Europe and South America.[43][44]

Groups

Belgrade neighbourhoods
  • Novi Beograd gangs, organized in different Blokovi (neighbourhoods), during the 1990s the gangsters of New Belgrade were very successful but had after the Yugoslav wars been killed by each other.
  • Surčin clan, at the beginning car thefts, smuggling of petrol and cigarettes, moved on to narcotics. Had connections with officials in police, judiciary and politicians mostly prior to the Operation Sablja.
  • Zemun clan, Drug trafficking, contract-killing, abduction. Had connections with officials in police, judiciary and politicians mostly prior to the Operation Sablja. The head was Dušan Spasojević.
    • Šarić gang
  • Voždovac clan, led by Goran Vuković
  • Zvezdara clan, led by Sredoje "Šljuka" Šljukić
  • Dorćol group, drug trafficking
  • Karaburma group, drug trafficking
  • Senjak group, known for drug trafficking, racketeering,

Other
  • Peca gang (19??-1992)
  • Arkan network († 2000)
  • Elez group (-2009)
  • Keka group
  • Belov clan
  • Serbian Brotherhood
  • Pink Panthers gang
  • YACS Yugoslavian Albanian Croatian Serbian crime group Manhattan NYC. (1970-1997)

Notable people

The reign of Slobodan Milošević represented the height of power of Serbian organized crime, when mafiosi and government officials were intertwined. The role of several Belgrade gangsters was described in the documentary film, Vidimo se u čitulji (See You in the Obituary).

Name
Alias		 Born/died Title Info Affiliation
Mafiosi
Stevan "Stevica" Marković1937–1968GangsterFrench actor Alain Delon's bodyguard, Marković's body was found in a garbage dump in the Paris suburbs in October 1968. His death occasioned an attempt to destabilize the French state, with accusations leveled against Pompidou.Own gang
Novica "Stiv" Jovanović1954–1984GangsterKnown as a gentleman robber, he and Bruno Sulak were the most wanted men of the 1980s in France and other parts of Europe due to a series of spectacular robberies in Cannes, Nice, Monaco, Paris and Lyon. Killed in an ambush by a special unit of the French police, while trying to get Sulak out of prison. The duo were the forerunner of today's Pink Panther group.Own gang
Ranko "Dač Šulc" Rubežić1951–1985BossMurdered in February 1985 by four of his own associates: Miroslav "Vuja" Vujisić, Dragan "Dadilja" Popović, Boris Petkov, and Bojan Petrović.
Ljubomir Magaš aka Ljuba Zemunac1948–1986Godfather
Head Boss		A Yugoslav amateur boxer, street-fighter and gangster. During the 1970s/80s he operated his own gang in Germany and was assassinated in 1986 by a rival, Goran Vuković.Own gang
Branislav "Beli" Matić1952–1991BossA close friend of Giška, who was a successful businessman in the Netherlands. He co-founded and financed of the Serbian Guard. He was killed outside his family home on 4 August 1991.Giška
Đorđe "Giška" Božović1955–1991BossKilled in Gospić (present-day Republic of Croatia) on 15 September 1991 during the Yugoslav wars.Ljuba Zemunac
Aleksandar "Knele" Knežević1971–1992LieutenantThe youngest "star" of the Serbian mafia at the beginning of the 1990s, he was a bodyguard to Serbian politician Vuk Drašković. Knežević was murdered on 28 October 1992 in his room at the Hyatt Hotel in Belgrade.Voždovac
Giška
Georg "Žorž" Stanković1946–1993BossA mob boss of the older generation; murdered on 1 October 1993 by a single hitman.
Goran "Majmun" Vuković1959–1994BossVuković murdered Ljuba Zemunac outside court in 1986. Vuković was assassinated alongside Dušan Malović in downtown Belgrade on 12 December 1994Voždovac
Mihajlo Divac1967–1995BossLeader of the Novi Beograd gang at time, he had previously survived a number of murder attempts. In one attempt executor was Luka Bojović. Divac was shot dead in the hall of the Putnik Hotel, Belgrade, in February 1995.Novi Beograd
Božidar "Batica" Stanković1969–1996Son of Georg Stanković, he was assassinated on 23 June 1996 by a hitman.
Zoran "Žuća" Dimitrov1966–1996Had previously survived a number of assassination attempts, but was finally killed on 6 October 1996 by a hitman.Voždovac
Rade "Ćenta" Ćaldović1950–1997BossThe infamous Belgrade mafioso, was murdered on 14 February 1997 in his car in Belgrade by two assassins. His two brothers were also connected with the Serbian mafia, Dragan ("Ćatana") Ćaldović, and Momčilo ("Moške") Ćaldović.
Darko Ašanin1959–1998A Belgrade gangster involved with drugs and killings. His uncle was Pavle Bulatović, the late Defense Minister. Murdered on 30 June 1998, in his cafe "Koloseum" in Dedinje district of Belgrade by a sole hitman.
Zoran Šijan1964–1999BossFormer European kickboxing champion and purported leader of the Surčin gang was killed on 27 November 1999 at the corner of Nemanja and Svetozar Marković streets in Belgrade. He was the husband of Serbian Turbo-folk singer Goca Božinovska.Own gang
Surčin clan
Branislav "Dugi" Lainović1955–2000BossFounder of the Serbian Volunteer Guard with Giška
Arkan1952–2000Head BossConsidered the most powerful criminal in Serbia until his assassination on 15 January 2000. He was murdered by Dobroslav Gavrić (a close friend of Bata Trlaja), a former policeman who was part of the Novi Beograd gang.Own network
Radoslav "Bata Trlaja" Trlajić1963–2000Belgrade mob boss and member of the Novi Beograd gang, he was famous for referring to Serbia and Belgrade in the 1990s as "a pond too small for so many crocodiles". He was killed on 26 February 2000 by Mile Luković of the Zemun gang.Novi Beograd network
Zoran "Ćanda" Davidović1972–2000Murdered by the Zemun clan while returning from the funeral of Branislav Lainović on 23 March 2000.
Milivoje "Miša Kobra" Matović1955–2003Head BossMilivoje Matović (aka "Miša Kobra") arrived in Sydney, Australia in 1986, and became a known gambler who organized big games. His younger brother Braca owed money to the gang of Žorž Stanković, who sent his son Batica for Miša Kobra. Batica Stanković was deported to Serbia, and Braca was killed in the meantime. Žorž was killed in 1993 and his son Batica was killed in 1996.Sydney clan
Dušan Spasojević, known as "Šiptar" and "Duća"1968–2003HeadHead of one of the largest Serb criminal groups on record, the Zemun clan. The peak of this cartel's influence occurred from 2000 until 2003 when Spasojević was killed by Serbian police on 27 March 2003 during a country-wide manhunt initiated after the assassination of Serbian Prime Minister Zoran Đinđić.Zemun clan
Milan "Kum" Luković1969–2003HeadHead of one of the largest Serbian criminal groups on record, the Zemun clan. The peak of this cartel's influence occurred from 2000 until 2003 when Luković was killed by Serbian police on 27 March 2003 during a country-wide manhunt initiated after the assassination of premier Zoran Đinđić.Zemun clan
Bosko "The Yugo" Radonjich1943–2011GodfatherAmerican godfather. Died at the VMA on 31 May 2011.Irish American "Westies"
Rade Rakonjac1962–2014LieutenantFormer bodyguard to Željko Raznatović (Arkan) and Luka Bojović. Killed in a cafe in the Belgrade.[45]Arkan
Sreten "Joca Amsterdam" Jocić (aka "Cocaine King")1962-Boss
Underboss		One of most known mafiosi, became strongest in Netherlands through his elimination of rivals. He smuggled cocaine from Colombia. He worked under "Duja" Becirovic as underboss in the Belgrade group and became boss after Duja died in 1990 after Bruinsma hired the kill. A drug smuggler in Bulgaria, he was arrested in 2002. In Serbia, he took over companies with the Surčin clan. Jocić was allegedly involved in the 2008 car bomb which killed journalist Ivo Pukanić in Zagreb.Belgrade group
Stanko "Cane" Subotić1959-BossHead of the Tobacco mafia that smuggled cigarettes throughout Europe, allegedly connected with Serbian and Montenegrin officials.Tobacco mafia
Milorad "Legija" Ulemek1968-BossArkan's Tigers member during the Yugoslav wars, transferred into the Red berets by Milošević, involved in the murder of premier Zoran ĐinđićArkan
Zemun
Kristijan "Kiki" Golubović1969-One of the few surviving Belgrade criminals from the 1990sGodson of Ljuba Zemunac
Ibrahim Habibovic (also known as "Beli" and "Drago lo Belo")1957-Head BossMember of the Belos and Milano clans
Miloš Simovic1979-Member of the Zemun clan, accused of involvement in the assassination of Serbian premier Zoran ĐinđicZemun clan
Luka "Pekar" Bojović1973-Boss
Lieutenant		Arkan's Tigers member and Lieutenant during the Yugoslav warsArkan
Zemun clan
Vladimir "Budala" Milisavljević1976-Member of the Zemun clan; accused of involvement in the assassination of Serbian premier Zoran ĐinđicZemun clan
Darko Šarić1970-HeadŠarić was leader of powerful Balkan criminal organization which had for a years trafficking cocaine from South America through Balkan, Italy and Slovenia to Western Europe and had profited around billion euros each year. Company records show that most of money Šarić laundered by investing it in privatization of important hotels in Serbia and in buying companies from people who were charged or convinced for involvement in organized crime, mostly cigarette smuggling. Šarić received 30 million euros when he sold Serbia's leading distribution company ŠTAMPA SISTEM to the German media concern WAZZ.Own gang
Šarić's clan
Assassinations & connected people
Klaas "De Lange" Bruinsma
"De Lange"		1953–1991Drug lordA Dutch drug lord killed on 27 June 1991 by Martin Hoogland, a former policeman hired by Joca Amsterdam as a revenge for the killing of Joca's boss, a previous Belgrade group leader, known as Duja.
Radojica Nikčević1948–1993BusinessmanBusinessman said to have had close ties with the State Security Service, but also with Arkan, who was killed on 7 October 1993. The front of his office in Dedinje. He was suspected of ties with the Medellin cartel. FR Yugoslavia
Vojislav Stanimirović1937Criminal turned journalistThe leader of the Balkan trio responsible for the 1971 Vizcaya heist. He immigrated to the United States in 1962 and had later ties to YACS and the Pink Panthers[46]
Radislava "Dada" Vujasinović1964–1994JournalistReporter for Duga, a news magazine. She was found dead in her apartment on 8 April 1994. The police ruled it a suicide, but many dispute this.
Vlada "Tref" Kovačević1958–1997BusinessmanBusinessman and close friend of Marko Milošević, son of former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević; Marko was killed on 20 February 1997.Marko Milošević
Maja Pavić1972–1997JournalistJournalist of Pink Television. Killed with her boyfriend Rade Ćaldović on 14 February 1997 in his car in Belgrade by two assassins. She was victim of mafia.[47]Rade Ćaldović/Arkan
Radovan "Badža" Stojičić1951–1997ChiefPolice chief assassinated by a sole hitman on 10 April 1997 in a Belgrade pizza parlour called "Mama Mia".Police
Zoran "Kundak" Todorović1959–1997Businessman
Politician		The Secretary General of the Yugoslav Left was killed on 24 October 1997.Mirjana Marković
Slavko Ćuruvija1949–1999Publisher, journalistOwner of the Belgrade Daily Telegraph and the weekly European was killed on 11 April 1999. front of his apartment at Svetogorska Street #35 in downtown Belgrade during the NATO air strikes on Yugoslavia.Mirjana Marković
Jill Dando1961–1999JournalistEnglish journalist, television presenter and newsreader who worked for the BBC for 14 years. She was murdered by gunshot outside her home in Fulham, London. Hitman was sent from Yugoslavia.
Zoran "Skole" Uskoković1963–2000Businessmana Belgrade businessman, was murdered on 27 April 2000 by members of the Zemun clan.
Branislav "Dugi" Lainović1955–2000BusinessmanBusinessman from Novi Sad. Murdered in Belgrade on 21 March 2000 by Miloš Simović of the Zemun gang.
Momir Gavrilović1959–2001Deputy Chief (retired)was assassinated in 2001 by Milorad "Legija" Ulemek and the Zemun clan to damage premier Zoran Đinđić's administration by convincing the public that Gavrilović was killed for delivering "evidence" of government ties with the criminals. The DNA of Sretko Kalinić, number one hitman of the Zemun clan, was found at the murder site.BIA
Smail Tarić1981–2008Murdered due to his connections with the police by two members of the Berane clan, Velibor Brkić and Milos Rašić.[48]
Danilo Radonjić1948–2011BusinessmanOne of many businessmen during the 1990s. The first assassination attempt on him was made back in 1985 when Andrija Lakonjić Laki tried to kill him in front of a Belgrade restaurant. He was assassinated on 6 September 2011, by a professional hitman.[49]
Boško Raičević1971–2012BusinessmanHe was a "relative and associate" of Andrija Drašković - who was put on trial and found guilty for the murder of a member of the Surčin crime group. He was killed by a car bomb.[50]
Radojica "Joksa" Joksović1980–2012BusinessmanRadojica worked for a protected witness Nebojiša JOKSOVIĆ in proceedings against Darko Šarić. Joksović was killed by the blast that destroys his car.[51]
Nikola Bojović1974–2013Brother of Luka BojovićHe was the younger brother of one of the bosses of Zemun clan, Luka Bojović, who is under arrest in Spain. Nikola Bojović was murdered on 29 April 2013, by a professional hitman.[52]

Activity outside Serbia

The Pink Panthers international jewel thief network is responsible for some of the most audacious thefts in criminal history.[53] They are responsible for what have been termed some of the most glamorous heists ever, with their crimes being thought of as "artistry" even by criminologists.[54] They have targeted several countries and continents, and include Japan's most successful robbery ever among their thefts.

Interpol believes that the YACS Crime Group that evolved into The PINK PANTHERS are responsible for US$130 million in bold robberies in Dubai, Switzerland, Japan, France, Germany, Luxembourg, Spain and Monaco. Pink Panthers are believed to be responsible for the robbery of the jewellery store Harry Winston in Paris, on 9 December 2008. The thieves escaped with more than €80 million worth of jewellery.[55] The total worth of jewellery that has been stolen by the Pink Panthers was 250 million € in May, 2010.[56]

Australia

The first Serbian mafiosi came to Australia in the late 70s, organized in a Yugoslav clan, their headquarters were some 15 kafanas in Sydney, Wollongong and Melbourne.[8]

Milivoje Matović (aka "Miša Kobra") arrived in Sydney in 1986 and became a known gambler who organized big games. His younger brother Braca owed money to the gang of Žorž Stanković, who sent his own son Batica after Matović. Batica was deported to Serbia and Braca was killed in the meantime. Žorž was killed in 1993 and his son Batica was killed in 1996.[8]

In 2005 interviews with Australian Serbs, it was said some 20 Zemun clan members operated in Australia at the time, double the number working prior to Operation Sablja.[8] Serbian boxer Božidar Cvetić who in 2002 was stabbed,[57] now working as a bouncer in Australia said that Australian police had shown him pictures of some 150 Serbian criminals active in Australia.[8]

In May 2007, Australian police saw recruitment to organized crime motorcycle gangs from young Serbs.[58]

Austria

The Serbian mafia was the main operators of drug trafficking and cigarette smuggling in Austria in 2004 and Austria was the home to many Serbian gangs.[59]

On 27 October 1978 Veljko Krivоkарić secretly met with Ljubomir Magaš, a member of the gang he had just left, at the Zur Hauptpost coffee house in Vienna. Magaš and another Yugoslav, Rade Ćaldović, grabbed Krivоkарić and fractured his skull with a glass bottle. Stevan Marković's body was found in garbage bags in 1968. He was the former bodyguard of Alain Delon. His godfather, Corsican gangster François Marcantoni, was under investigation for murder and spent 11 months in custody. The Pink Panthers have operated in Austria.[60]

Belgium

In 1990, Kosovo Albanian activist Enver Hadri was assassinated in Brussels by Veselin "Vesko" Vukotić, Andrija Lakonić, and Darko Ašanin, at the time hired by the UDBA (Yugoslav intelligence).

Bosnia & Herzegovina

The Serbian mafia is the largest organized crime group in Bosnia & Herzegovina, operating out of Republic of Srpska. The Zemun clan is active in Bosnia.[61]

Bulgaria

From 1994–97, Zemun clan leader Dušan Spasojević used heroin supplies channels through Sofia. In 1997, 350 kilos of heroin was seized at the Serbian-Bulgarian border.[13] Sreten Jocić (aka "Joca Amsterdam") escaped from custody in Netherlands in 1993; he left for Bulgaria where he would continue his drug smuggling under the pseudonym "Marko Milosavljević" (which happens to be the same name as a noted Serbian football player). He was arrested in 2002 and extradited to the Netherlands.[4]

One Macedonian national and 2 Bulgarians were arrested during the Operation Moonlight linked with the Zemun clan; they trafficked cocaine from Bolivia.[62]

Zemun clan member Nenad "Milenko" Milenković was arrested in 2003 at the Varna resort, following the international warrant by the Serbian police after Operation Sablja. He was suspected of orchestrating at least three (3) murders in Bulgaria and some 20 in Serbia.[63] The Zemun clan successfully managed the drug traffic from Bulgaria after 2003, taking over the market from Surcin-associate Sreten Jocić.[64]

It has been alleged that Bulgarian tycoon Iliya Pavlov was murdered by the Serbian mafia in 2004 and had owed 250 million dollars to Milosević era government figures.[65]

Croatian hitman Robert Matanić and his colleagues were hired by the Zemun clan to kill members of the competing Bulgarian mafia for the Balkan drug route. Dimitar Hristov, Kaloyan Savov and Zhivko Mitev were killed in a shootout on 4 June 2004. Matanić and his men were hired by Milcho Bonev as bodyguards. Matanić was arrested and detained in Bulgaria.[66][67] Milcho Bonev was assassinated in 2004, believed to be organized by the Serbian Mafia.[68]

In September 2007, what appeared to be an internal feud resulted in the death of Jovica Lukić and the critical wounding of two other men as well as a mother and her baby. The men were all members of the Zemun clan.[69] Former Litex president Angel Bonchev had business with the Zemun clan. He was kidnapped in 2008.[70] The Zemun clan is active in Bulgaria.[61]

Czech Republic

In the 1990s, Serbian organised groups were one of the leading syndicates operating in the Czech Republic.[71] A letter was sent to Czech newspapers containing information on a supposed future assassination of President Havel by 4 or 5 members and their whereabouts. The letter, written in broken Czech, was thought by police to have been sent by a rival gang.[71]

Denmark

Serbian-Danish actor Slavko Labović, who played Radovan in the film Pusher, was arrested, along with his brother, for possession of illegal arms (loaded gun) in Sweden. He was the director of the RK Company in Denmark,[72] an illegal gambling company owned by Rade Kotur (Spelkungen, The Gambling King) a known figure in Sweden who hired the murder of Ratko Đokić.[72]

Finland

Human trafficking and illegal immigration was growing in Finland has been orchestrated by Serbian organized crime groups since 2004.[59]

France

Known in French as Mafia Serbe. In 1962, Stevica Marković, Miša Milošević and Radovan Delić arrived in Paris, were part of the "Garderodameri" that was formed in 1966 with the arrival of Marko Nicovic.[3]

Harry Winston

The Pink Panthers have operated in France. In October 2008, police officials in Monaco arrested two members of the gang, a Serb and a Bosnian Serb. The gang is suspected of jewellery and gems theft at Harry Winston for an estimated value of up to 80 million Euros or 105 million US dollars.[73]

Greece

After the Yugoslav wars, Kristijan Golubović worked in Greece. In 2002, he escaped from Malandrino, a Greek prison where he had been serving fourteen and a half years for stealing two Mercedes-Benz cars and an armed robbery. In December 2009, two Serbs were arrested suspected of involvement of a major group smuggling cocaine from Peru to Montenegro on luxury yachts. The United States DEA helped the Greek police track the smuggling for five months. Two other Serbs were also wanted in Serbia in connection with this.[74]

Germany

Known in German as the German: Serbische Mafia, Jugoslawische Mafia. The Serbian mafia was the main operator of cigarette smuggling in Germany in 2004.[59] Ljubomir Magaš ("Ljuba Zemunac", "Ljuba from Zemun", "The Godfather") was the head of the Serbian mafia at the time. He was killed by two shots to the heart from close range in front of a courthouse in Frankfurt, Germany in 1986 by Goran Vuković "Majmun", a member of the Vozdovac clan, who himself survived five murder attempts following the killing before he was assassinated in downtown Belgrade in broad daylight in 1994. Slobodan "Slobo" Grbović left Italy for Germany in the 1970s and became friends with Vaso Letećeg, a thief from Belgrade. In 1981, the friendship ended in a feud over money, Slobo shot and wounded Letećeg and went to prison.[3]

In 1980, Branislav Saranović escaped Wuppertal prison with the help of the Ljuba Zemunac gang who blew up a prison wall. In February 1988, Rade Caldović is appointed the leader in Germany after good relations with the Italian mafia in Milan. He became friends with Greek businessman Mihail Sainidis, who owns casinos in southern Germany. On 30 March, Zoran Lucić, a Belgrade gangster, killed an Albanian rival in Frankfurt.

In the 1990s, the underground of former Eastern Germany was controlled by Italian, German, Russian, Vietnamese and Serbian organized groups.[75] Leipzig was the centre of money laundering, smuggling, prostitution and protection rackets due to the weak system. The most profitable operations of the groups from former Yugoslavia was car thefts, luxury cars were stolen in Germany and sold to Eastern Europe, North Africa and Far East.[75]

Andrija Drašković, an heir to Arkan's syndicate following the latter's assassination, was arrested by German police in Frankfurt after four years on the run from the Italian Anti-Organized Crime Unit. Drašković is believed to have organized the murder of his former boss, Arkan.[76]

Hungary

The main organized crime groups in Hungary in 2004 were the Bulgarian and Serbian mafias.[59]

Italy

Dado "Metko" Cerović and Ibrahim "Belo" Habibović were the most powerful Yugoslav criminals in Milan before moving to Genova.[3] In 1971 Ljubomir Magaš arrived in Italy with "Dača" and settled in Milan. His friend, Rade "Centa" Ćaldović was shot in his stomach in Verona by a rival, Bata Glavac. Ćaldović was later sent to a Rome prison. The Yugoslav mafia in Milan was formed by Magas, Arkan, Ćaldović, Veljko Krivоkарić, Slobodan "Slobo Crnogorac" Grbović, Milan Civija, Dule Milanović, Mile Ojdanić, Sava Somborac, Pera Oziljak, Marinko Magda, and Đorđe "Giška" Bozović. They carried out holdups, murders and burglaries in Trieste, Rome, and Milan.[3]

Ibrahim "BELO" (called "Drago lo Belo" in Italian) was a Serbian gangster who found his way to Milan, he was connected with a godfather of the Italian Mafia in Calabria. He was involved with gambling, bank and jewellery robberies.[3] An influx of gangsters from SR Montenegro strengthened the Yugoslav position in the Italian underworld. Đorđe Božović, Vlasto Petrović Crnogorac, and Darko Ašanin were connected with mafiosi operating from Montenegro; Branko and Slobodan Šaranović, Brano Mićunović and Ratko "Cobra" Đokić, Sarajevo; Miša Martinović, Zagreb; Marko Vlahović. In the same time Slobodan Grbović (aka "Slobo Crnogorac") left for Germany and teamed up with Vaso Letećeg, a thief from Belgrade.[3]

During the 1990s the 'Ndrangheta acquired weapon arsenal (Bazookas, explosives, automatic firearms) built in Serbia, imported through firms outside Italy.[75] From 1994-2000 illegal cigarette smuggling in Italy was operated by the Serbian mafia together with the Italian Mafia.[12]

Zemun clan member Ninoslav Konstantinović fled the Netherlands to Italy after his brother was arrested in 2003. In Italy he became a leading heroin distributor and professional hitman, working for the Italian Mafia in Naples, he is recognized as highly skilled as many of his fellow Zemun clan members are known throughout Europe.[61]

In May 2009, Vladimir Jovanović, a former Zemun clan member and Interpol wanted was arrested in Italy.[77]

The presence of Serbian OC groups, among others, have increased rapidly the later years because of the badly controlled coastline.[78]

Luxemburg

International burglary networks were present in 2004, mainly from Southeastern Europe (the Balkans).[59]

Montenegro

Montenegro was in a state union with Serbia from 1991–2006. The Serbian mafia is the leading criminal group in Montenegro. Many of the Belgrade crime groups that were not caught during Operation Sablja hid in Montenegro. The Zemun clan is active in Montenegro.[61]

Netherlands

There have been a number of unsolved murder cases in Rotterdam that have been linked to the activities of Serbian Organized Crime gangs. In recent years the Serbian mafia has been growing strong in the Netherlands. By 2004, ecstasy and heroin in Netherlands had originated from the Balkans.[2][59]

Sreten Jocić (aka "Joca Amsterdam"), is a hitman and a drug dealer. He is considered the leader for the Serbian mafia in Amsterdam. On Christmas Eve, 1974, Slobodan Mitrić killed three alleged UDBA members in Amsterdam. In 1977, Emilio Di Giovine was wounded and two of his men killed by rival Yugoslavs.

On 24 October 1979, Arkan, Slobodan Kostovski, and an unnamed Italian accomplice were arrested while robbing a jewelry store in Amsterdam, they had days earlier robbed a jeweller in Hague and were sought in several countries. On 8 May 1981, Arkan escaped from the Bijlmerbajes prison in Amsterdam with Sergio Settimo, an Italian national, one of the most sought-after criminals in Europe.

In 1992, a member of the Chinese Triad was killed after a debt to the Serbian Mafia. The Serbian OC groups have become stronger and has superseded the Russian Mafia in Netherlands and the arms trade is shared by Serbian and Turkish groups.[78]

Norway

Non-Norwegian gangs and organized crime groups came to dominate Norway's drug trade in the 1980s. During the 1990s Norway saw a large influx of Yugoslavs seeking refugee status due to the conflict in the Balkan region.[79]

Slovenia

Slovenia has witnessed a growing trend of human trafficking by Balkan organized crime groups since 2004. Serbian organized crime has operated the cigarette smuggling and arms trafficking.[59]

Spain

A growing trend of auto theft was seen by southeastern European organized crime groups since 2004. Serbian organized crime groups grew their presence in Spain.[59]

Sweden

Known in Swedish as: Serbiska maffian or Serbiska Brödraskapet, earlier Jugoslaviska maffian or Juggemaffian during the years of Yugoslavia. And more specifically known as the Serbian Brotherhood encompassing territory from Sweden to Denmark. The Serbian mafia or Serbian Brotherhood in Sweden was said to be the top criminal organisation, but its influence has declined since the deaths of several leading figures. A war was fought over the control of the trade of narcotics and cigarettes between Serbian Organized Crime leaders which resulted in the deaths of Joksa and Ratko Đokić.

Individuals associated to Serbian Organized Crime in Sweden include:

  • Ratko Đokić, "The Godfather", an arms dealer and cigarette smuggler; he was assassinated on 5 May 2003 by Serbian hitmen hired by Rade Kotur, another notorious Serbian criminal.
  • Dragan "Jokso" Joksović, notorious gambler and assumed cigarette smuggler, was murdered on 4 February 1998 in Solvalla, Stockholm by a Finnish hitman hired by "Kova". He was a close friend of Arkan and is said to have helped Arkan on many occasions. Arkan and many other known mafia figures attended his funeral. As revenge, "Kova" was later killed in front of 60 guests on Arkan's orders.
  • Milan Ševo, declared to be the last Head of the Serbian mafia in Sweden. He has survived numerous murder attempts. In 2004, he escaped from prison. He married Ratko Đokić's daughter.

Sweden saw a large influx of ethnic Serbs during the 1960s/70s, when the "Arbetskraftsinvandring" took place; The labour force of immigrants who were granted citizenship (similar to Gastarbeiter programme). In the 1980s the Serbs were the main operators of drug smuggling in Sweden.[80]

In 2003, in a storage room located in the Vårby Gård suburbs, the Swedish police found silenced firearms; Ak47s, Uzis, MP5s, grenades, plastic explosives and mines.[81] The arsenal was used by the Serbian Mafia in Sweden, the owner of the storage was Milan Ševo, son-in-law of Ratko Đokić, former head of the Serbian mafia. This title was soon inherited by Ševo. On 5 May 2003, Đokić was assassinated outside his boxing club in Skärholmen. One of the hitmen, Nenad Mišović, was arrested in Europe years later. Mišović came to Sweden in 2002 after fleeing the police in Serbia. He was hired by Rade Kotur, a rival of Đokić[72] In 2004, the Serbian mafia dominated the organized crime in Sweden, known uncovered operations were doping substances.[59]

One of the chapters in the book, Svensk Maffia (Swedish Mafia) follows the history of the Serbian mafia in Sweden from the 1960s to the present. Serbian Interior Minister Ivica Dačić claims former members of the paramilitary Red Berets took part in the 2009 Västberga helicopter robbery one of the most spectacular heists in the history. One month prior to the robbery, the Swedish Embassy in Serbia was allegedly given "certain information about a criminal group which was preparing a robbery" by Serbian police.[82]

United Kingdom

On 2 June 2009, six Serbs were convicted, together with several Israelis, in smuggling of 12.5 ton (£36m) marijuana, orchestrated by the Israeli mafia.[83] The marijuana was seized as it travelled from Larache, Morocco to Southampton on a tugboat under an Israeli flag.[84] The Pink Panthers have operated in London.[60]

United States

There has been known involvement of Balkan crime groups in the United States. One of the most notorious Serbs that arrived in New York City 1956 was Vojislav Stanimirovic, AKA. (MR Stan) criminal now turned journalist. He was responsible for the Vizcaya Heist.[85] His son, Pavle Stanimirović continued the tradition. The best known is Boško Radonjić, leader of the Irish-American organized crime group "the Westies",and The Left Hand of LCN Boss of Bosses John Gotti from 1988–92.

The Serbian mafia has appeared in a number of films, novels and video games. They have appeared in:

In film
  • Absolute 100 (2001), Serbian drama/thriller, young and talented sport shooter decides to get revenge on gangsters who destroyed the life of his brother
  • Assault on Precinct 13 (2005), American action thriller
  • Auf kurze Distanz (2016), German TV film about an undercover cop infiltrating the Serbian sportsbet mafia in Germany
  • Beck – Kartellen, Swedish crime thriller, about the case of a murdered restaurant owner
  • Bröderna Jaukka, Swedish short film
  • The Crew (2008 film), British drama/dark comedy
  • Do koske, Serbian crime/action/dark comedy
  • In China They Eat Dogs, Danish action-comedy, about a debt to Serb gangsters
  • In Order of Disappearance, Norwegian action/dark comedy depicting a war between Norwegian and Serbian gangsters
  • South Wind, Serbian action film, about young Serbian car thieves chased by Serbian crime lord, corrupt police chief and Bulgarian gangsters
  • Layer Cake, British action film with Daniel Craig
  • Leo, Swedish drama, about the revenge of his wife's murder
  • Klopka (2007), Serbian drama/thriller, set in post-Milošević era, it tells the story of a man who desperately needs money for his son's surgery, when a mysterious man appears offering money in exchange for the murder of a mafia boss
  • Mlad i zdrav kao ruža, widely considered to be a visionary movie, it was banned in communist Yugoslavia. It portrays a 1970s mobster who, supported by the Yugoslav secret service UDBA, rises to become a crime lord
  • Pusher trilogy, a series of Danish films illustrating and exploring the criminal underworld of Copenhagen.
  • Pusher, 2012 British remake of the 1996 Danish original.
  • Paradiset, Swedish drama/thriller
  • Rane, Serbian crime/drama/dark comedy, widely considered to be a cult classic
  • Ride Along, 2014 American action comedy
  • Snabba Cash, Swedish action, about criminal activities in Stockholm, one of the protagonists is a Serbian Mafia henchman
  • Snabba Cash II
  • Poslednji krug u Monci. A 1980s Belgrade criminal reaches Italy searching for a man who owes him money, but gradually becomes the leader of the Italian branch of Yugoslav/Serbian mafia
  • Straight Business 2, Canadian International Short Film
  • Straight Business 3, Canadian International Short Film
  • The Sweeney, 2012 British action drama
  • The Fourth Man, Serbian action/thriller
  • Vidimo se u čitulji, Serbian documentary about the organized crime in Belgrade during the 1990s

On television
  • Dosije: Beogradski klanovi (2014), docudrama series about Serbian mafia clans in Belgrade during the 1990s
  • Dosije: Zemunski klan (2015), sequel to the popular docudrama series, it shows the rise and fall of Zemun Clan, one of the most powerful crime groups in Serbia's history.
  • Gorki plodovi, Serbian TV series
  • Grupa (2019), Serbian TV series about a group of young street dealers and Belgrade police force tracking them down
  • Meso (2017), Serbian TV series about a former soccer player from Banja Luka who comes back to his home town and confronts his childhood friend, now a crime boss
  • Ubice mog oca, Serbian crime/action TV show, which shows ties between mafia, politicians, tycoons and corrupt policemen
  • In the American TV series Power, the Serbian mafia, led by Jason Micic are major antagonists in seasons 2–6.
  • South Wind, connected with a movie, South Wind is about Belgrade criminals who are work with Bulgarian narco boss, later fights against him. Also, they are rivals with Montenegrin narco boss.

In literature
  • The First Rule, novel by Robert Crais. Author claims to portray Serbian mafia in the US accurately, however, there are many inaccuracies (Serbian mafia does not abide to the Russian "Thief in law" gangster code, and it never did).

In video games
  • Grand Theft Auto IV, American 2008 open world action-adventure video game. The main protagonist, Niko Bellic, is a Yugoslavian man involved in organised crime.

See also

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Further reading
  • Glenny, M. (2008). McMafia: A Journey Through the Global Criminal Underworld
  • (in Serbian) Lopusina, Marko (2003). Srpska Mafija (Serbian Mafia)
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