Alpha-enolase

Enolase 1 (ENO1), more commonly known as alpha-enolase, is a glycolytic enzyme expressed in most tissues, one of the isozymes of enolase. Each isoenzyme is a homodimer composed of 2 alpha, 2 gamma, or 2 beta subunits, and functions as a glycolytic enzyme. Alpha-enolase, in addition, functions as a structural lens protein (tau-crystallin) in the monomeric form. Alternative splicing of this gene results in a shorter isoform that has been shown to bind to the c-myc promoter and function as a tumor suppressor. Several pseudogenes have been identified, including one on the long arm of chromosome 1. Alpha-enolase has also been identified as an autoantigen in Hashimoto encephalopathy.[5]

ENO1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesENO1, ENO1L1, MPB1, NNE, PPH, HEL-S-17, enolase 1
External IDsOMIM: 172430 MGI: 95393 HomoloGene: 134343 GeneCards: ENO1
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 1 (human)[1]
Band1p36.23Start8,861,000 bp[1]
End8,879,190 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

2023

13806

Ensembl

ENSG00000074800

ENSMUSG00000063524

UniProt

P06733

P17182

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001201483
NM_001428
NM_001353346

NM_023119
NM_001379127
NM_001379128

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001188412
NP_001419
NP_001340275

NP_001020559
NP_001366056
NP_001366057
NP_075608

Location (UCSC)Chr 1: 8.86 – 8.88 MbChr 4: 150.24 – 150.25 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Structure

ENO1 is one of three enolase isoforms, the other two being ENO2 (ENO-γ) and ENO3 (ENO-β).[6] Each isoform is a protein subunit that can hetero- or homodimerize to form αα, αβ, αγ, ββ, and γγ dimers.[7] The ENO1 gene spans 18 kb and lacks a TATA box while possessing multiple transcription start sites.[8] A hypoxia-responsive element can be found in the ENO1 promoter and allows the enzyme to function in aerobic glycolysis and contribute to the Warburg effect in tumor cells.[9]

Relationship to Myc-binding protein-1

The mRNA transcript of the ENO1 gene can be alternatively translated into a cytoplasmic protein, with a molecular weight of 48 kDa, or a nuclear protein, with a molecular weight of a 37 kDa.[9][10] The nuclear form was previously identified as Myc-binding protein-1 (MBP1), which downregulates the protein level of the c-myc protooncogene.[10] A start codon at codon 97 of ENO1 and a Kozak consensus sequence were found preceding the 3' region of ENO1 encoding the MBP1 protein. In addition, the N-terminal region of the MBP1 protein it critical to DNA binding and, thus, its inhibitory function.[10]

Function

As an enolase, ENO1 is a glycolytic enzyme the catalyzes the conversion of 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate.[6][9][11] This isozyme is ubiquitously expressed in adult human tissues, including liver, brain, kidney, and spleen.[6] Within cells, ENO1 predominantly localizes to the cytoplasm, though an alternatively translated form is localized to the nucleus.[6][9] Its nuclear form, also known as MBP1, functions solely as a tumor suppressor by binding and inhibiting the c-myc protooncogene promoter, and lacks the glycolytic enzyme activity of the cytoplasmic form.[10] ENO1 also plays a role in other functions, including a cell surface receptor for plasminogen on pathogens, such as streptococci, and activated immune cells, leading to systemic infection or tissue invasion; an oxidative stress protein in endothelial cells; a lens crystalline; a heat shock protein; and a binding partner of cytoskeletal and chromatin structures to aid in transcription.[9][10][11][12][13]

Clinical significance

Cancer

ENO1 overexpression has been associated with multiple tumors, including glioma, neuroendocrine tumors, neuroblastoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, thyroid carcinoma, lung cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and breast cancer.[6][9][13][14] In many of these tumors, ENO1 promoted cell proliferation by regulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and induced tumorigenesis by activating plasminogen.[6][9] Moreover, ENO1 is expressed on the tumor cell surface during pathological conditions such as inflammation, autoimmunity, and malignancy. Its role as a plasminogen receptor leads to extracellular matrix degradation and cancer invasion.[9][13][14] Due to its surface expression, targeting surface ENO1 enables selective targeting of tumor cells while leaving the ENO1 inside normal cells functional.[9] Moreover, in tumors such as non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) and breast cancer, inhibition of ENO1 expression decreased tolerance to hypoxia while increasing sensitivity to radiation therapy, thus indicating that ENO1 may have aided chemoresistance.[6][11] Considering these factors, ENO1 holds great potential to serve as an effective therapeutic target for treating many types of tumors in patients.[6][11][13]

ENO1 is located on the 1p36 tumor suppressor locus near MIR34A which is homozygously deleted in Glioblastoma, Hepatocellular carcinoma and Cholangiocarcinoma.[15][16] The co-deletion of ENO1 is a passenger event with the resultant tumor cells being entirely dependent on ENO2 for the execution of glycolysis.[17][18] Tumor cells with such deletions are exceptionally sensitive towards ablation of ENO2.[17][18] Inhibition of ENO2 in ENO1-homozygously deleted cancer cells constitutes an example of synthetic lethality treatment for cancer.

Autoimmune disease

ENO1 has been detected in serum drawn from children diagnosed with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.[19]

Alpha-enolase has been identified as an autoantigen in Hashimoto's encephalopathy.[20] Single studies have also identified it as an autoantigen associated with severe asthma[21] and a putative target antigen of anti-endothelial cell antibody in Behçet's disease.[22] Reduced expression of the enzyme has been found in the corneal epithelium of people suffering from keratoconus.[23][24]

Gastrointestinal disease

CagA protein was found to activate ENO1 expression through activating the Src and MEK/ERK pathways as a mechanism for H. pylori-mediated gastric diseases.[14]

Hemolytic anemia

Enolase deficiency is a rare inborn error of metabolism disease, leads to hemolytic anemia in affected homozygous carriers of loss of function mutations in ENO1.[25] As with other glycolysis enzyme deficiency diseases, the condition is aggravated by redox-cycling agents such as nitrofurantoin.

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles.[§ 1]

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|{{{bSize}}}px|alt=Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit]]
Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit
  1. The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534".

Interactions

Alpha-enolase has been shown to interact with TRAPPC2.[26]

See also

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000074800 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000063524 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. "ENO1 enolase 1 (alpha)". NCBI Entrez Gene database.
  6. Zhu X, Miao X, Wu Y, Li C, Guo Y, Liu Y, Chen Y, Lu X, Wang Y, He S (July 2015). "ENO1 promotes tumor proliferation and cell adhesion mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) in non-Hodgkin lymphomas". Experimental Cell Research. 335 (2): 216–23. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.05.020. PMID 26024773.
  7. Kim AY, Lim B, Choi J, Kim J (October 2016). "The TFG-TEC oncoprotein induces transcriptional activation of the human β-enolase gene via chromatin modification of the promoter region". Molecular Carcinogenesis. 55 (10): 1411–23. doi:10.1002/mc.22384. PMID 26310886.
  8. Giallongo A, Venturella S, Oliva D, Barbieri G, Rubino P, Feo S (June 1993). "Structural features of the human gene for muscle-specific enolase. Differential splicing in the 5'-untranslated sequence generates two forms of mRNA". European Journal of Biochemistry. 214 (2): 367–74. doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17932.x. PMID 8513787.
  9. Song Y, Luo Q, Long H, Hu Z, Que T, Zhang X, Li Z, Wang G, Yi L, Liu Z, Fang W, Qi S (March 2014). "Alpha-enolase as a potential cancer prognostic marker promotes cell growth, migration, and invasion in glioma". Molecular Cancer. 13: 65. doi:10.1186/1476-4598-13-65. PMC 3994408. PMID 24650096.
  10. Subramanian A, Miller DM (February 2000). "Structural analysis of alpha-enolase. Mapping the functional domains involved in down-regulation of the c-myc protooncogene". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (8): 5958–65. doi:10.1074/jbc.275.8.5958. PMID 10681589.
  11. Gao J, Zhao R, Xue Y, Niu Z, Cui K, Yu F, Zhang B, Li S (April 2013). "Role of enolase-1 in response to hypoxia in breast cancer: exploring the mechanisms of action". Oncology Reports. 29 (4): 1322–32. doi:10.3892/or.2013.2269. PMID 23381546.
  12. Pancholi V (June 2001). "Multifunctional alpha-enolase: its role in diseases". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 58 (7): 902–20. doi:10.1007/pl00000910. PMID 11497239.
  13. Hsiao KC, Shih NY, Fang HL, Huang TS, Kuo CC, Chu PY, Hung YM, Chou SW, Yang YY, Chang GC, Liu KJ (2013). "Surface α-enolase promotes extracellular matrix degradation and tumor metastasis and represents a new therapeutic target". PLOS One. 8 (7): e69354. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0069354. PMC 3716638. PMID 23894455.
  14. Chen S, Duan G, Zhang R, Fan Q (August 2014). "Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated gene A protein upregulates α-enolase expression via Src/MEK/ERK pathway: implication for progression of gastric cancer". International Journal of Oncology. 45 (2): 764–70. doi:10.3892/ijo.2014.2444. PMID 24841372.
  15. Muller FL, Aquilanti EA, DePinho RA (November 2015). "Collateral Lethality: A new therapeutic strategy in oncology". Trends in Cancer. 1 (3): 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.trecan.2015.10.002. PMC 4746004. PMID 26870836.
  16. Rus HG, Niculescu F, Vlaicu R (August 1991). "Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in human arterial wall with atherosclerosis". Atherosclerosis. 89 (2–3): 247–54. doi:10.1016/0021-9150(91)90066-C. PMID 1793452.
  17. Leonard PG, Satani N, Maxwell D, Lin YH, Hammoudi N, Peng Z, Pisaneschi F, Link TM, Lee GR, Sun D, Prasad BA, Di Francesco ME, Czako B, Asara JM, Wang YA, Bornmann W, DePinho RA, Muller FL (December 2016). "SF2312 is a natural phosphonate inhibitor of enolase". Nature Chemical Biology. 12 (12): 1053–1058. doi:10.1038/nchembio.2195. PMC 5110371. PMID 27723749.
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