Bampton, Devon

The history of Bampton is thought to have started with a Roman fort, but later Saxon remains are most easily seen. Some hedges conform to the Saxon furrow measure of 625 feet (the later furlong) and traces of Saxon strip farming can be seen to the north-east of the later castle. The circular churchyard is also Saxon in origin.[3]

The 11th-century Norman Bampton Castle was built in about 1067 by Walter Douai or his son, Robert. Originally it probably had a timber tower on top of the Motte. To the east of the mound was a rectangular bailey, defended to the south by the steep slope down to the River Batherm. Following a dispute with King Stephen about the ownership of lands around Uffculme, Robert Douai rebelled against King Stephen. Stephen then besieged the castle which eventually surrendered. Robert’s fled into exile and his lands were granted to Henry de Tracy.[4][5]

The English Civil War reached Bampton in 1645, when Royalists from Tiverton Castle burnt the town, so that few buildings earlier than the 17th century survive.[3]

The annual Bampton Fair was established by Royal Charter in 1258 and is held every year on the last Thursday in October.[9] although a fair was mentioned in 1212 and is possibly even older.[10] The first surviving charter for a fair to be held at the church of Saint Luke is from 1258 and was granted by Henry III to the rector of the church, Master Osmund. Later fairholders included the Coggan, Fitz Warine, Courtney and Bourchier families. It was known as Saint Luke's fair for many years as it was held on the feast day of Saint Luke. Traders selling goods at the fair were required to pay tolls which were originally paid at a toll booth at the entrance of the fair. In 1790 the booth moved to the Market or Manor Rooms in Newtown Square. Until 1883 there was also a three-day fair at Whitsun which was held at the manor. This was granted in 1267 to John Cogan, who was then the Lord of the Manor, along with a right to hold a weekly market.

As well as trade, the fair has also always offered entertainments of various kinds. In the early years these would have been mystery plays with a biblical theme. As time went on however, the plays began to have themes around myth and history. There would have been bear baiting, jugglers, acrobats and puppet shows plus boxing and wrestling matches. Later fairground rides became part of the fair.

The fair continued through World War I with high prices for cattle, sheep and ponies due to the demand for meat and horses caused by the war. In 1921 The Bampton Cattle and Sheep Market Committee made a 21-year agreement for the right to hold auctions in Kings Close for an annual rent of £9. In the 1920s a miners strike caused large sell off of pit ponies and prices at Bampton collapsed. In 1928 some ponies were given away for free. However, when World War II began, prices for cattle and livestock rose again, and as during the previous war the fair continued through the war. In 1972 Mr Baxter leased the right to take tolls at the far to the town council. This agreement included a clause that the council would pay the business rates associated with the fair, and be responsible for running the fair and cleaning up afterwards. The first payment to Mr Baxter was set at £25. This entailed a lot of organisation by the council such as providing road signs to the fair, cleaning up waste and litter after the fair and traffic management. From 1972 Brook Street was shut to traffic on fair days. The Station Car Park became the site of the funfair in 1973. By 1984 the receipts from the fair were £1040. The money raised by the fair allowed the council to add equipment for the Station Playground and also make grants to many local organisations.

After the end of pony sales in 1985, the revenue from the fair began to decline with fewer stallholders than previously and there was an increase in the number of food stalls. In response to this. Bampton Fair Working Group was set up in 1990 which still continues. The fair is now let for a nominal £100. There is now less money to support local causes, but some money is still provided, with money for the children's playground being provided in 2006.

The Great Cattle Market at Bampton which started in the 13th century, took place on the last Wednesday of the month and at one time up to 14,000 sheep were sold at Bampton Fair. However, the trade in sheep and cattle began to decline in the 1830s and 1840s due to a decline in the agricultural market and the woollen industry. After the railway arrived in Bampton, very long trains would be used to transport the livestock sold at the fair, and extra passenger trains were also arranged on the fair day. However. after the Second World War the site of the market at King's Close was sold to developers and the great cattle market closed. The town council did consider purchasing the site but did not reach a decision in time to buy it.

Bampton Fair only began to be well known for the sale of ponies when in 1856 Frederick Knight began selling his ponies at the fair. Despite this being a relatively recent part of the fair, the fair is still often called 'Bampton Pony Fair'. Exmoor Ponies used to be rounded up on the moors during the so-called Autumn Drift and driven by road to be sold at the fair. The fair was officially recognised by the Exmoor Pony Society as a designated market place for the Exmoor Pony. After being driven from the moors via Dulverton and Exebridge, the ponies were brought to an old orchard behind the Tiverton Hotel (now called the Quarryman's Rest) where they were kept in wooden pens. The auction ring was a small round pen nearby. Large numbers of fair-goers would pay an entrance fee to see the pony pens. The sellers would pay two fees - one for the auctioneer and a toll to the Lord of the Manor (or whoever the toll was leased to). In 1979 the Dartmoor Preservation Society wrote to the RSPCA about suspected cruelty to the ponies at the fair. Then in 1984 a meeting was held between the RSPCA inspectors, vets and the council. A number of recommendations were made to improve the welfare of the ponies, although the meeting did reach a consensus that the fair was more trouble free than any other. At the end of the 1984 fair the RSPCA were satisfied with the way the fair was organised and in 1985 Bampton again received no official complaints about the pony fair. However, the RSPCA and the auctioneers did request a number of improvements to the way ponies were loaded onto lorries and repairs to some of the pens. While alternative sites were offered to hold the sales, the council was unwilling to spend the money needed to fulfil the obligations for an event which was only held once a year. The Ministry of Agriculture and Devon County Council were asked for help but none was provided. Therefore, the sales in 1985 were the last for many years. From 2004 to 2013, farm-tackle, Exmoor ponies and other livestock were auctioned as part of the Fair again, a little way out of town, at Luttrell Quarry. However, due to a reduction in demand for pony sales and Lutrell Farm becoming unavailable for the auction this has ended.[11]

The fair is still a popular event, not least for its timing during the school half-term break. As well as a traditional funfair, there is a street market, often very crowded, selling novelties, and West Country produce.[9] A song called "Bampton Fair" was written by Paul Wilson; it was among the songs recorded by him on Poor Fellows.[12]