Battle of the Gates of Trajan

The Battle of the Gates of Trajan (Bulgarian: Битка край Траянови врати, Byzantine Greek: Μάχη στις Πύλες του Τραϊανού) was a battle between Byzantine and Bulgarian forces in the year 986.

Battle of the Gates of Trajan
Part of the Byzantine–Bulgarian Wars

Ruins of the fortress Gates of Trajan
Date17 August 986[1]
Location
The Gate of Trajan pass, Bulgaria
42°21′22″N 23°55′6″E
Result Decisive Bulgarian victory
Belligerents
First Bulgarian Empire Byzantine Empire
Commanders and leaders
Samuil of Bulgaria Basil II
Strength
Unknown 15,000–20,000[2]
Casualties and losses
Unknown (Light) Unknown (Heavy)

It took place in the pass of the same name, modern Trayanovi Vrata, in Sofia Province, Bulgaria. It was the largest defeat of the Byzantines under Emperor Basil II. After the unsuccessful siege of Sofia he retreated to Thrace, but was surrounded by the Bulgarian army under the command of Samuil in the Sredna Gora mountains. The Byzantine army was annihilated and Basil himself barely escaped.

Fifteen years after the fall and the capture of Bulgarian capital Preslav, the victory at the Gates of Trajan extended the Bulgarian successes achieved since 976. Later on Tsar Samuil moved the capital from Preslav in the northeast to Ohrid in the southwest. The memory of the great victory over Basil II was preserved thirty years later in the Bitola inscription of Ivan Vladislav (1015–1018), the son of Aron.

Historical sources

In addition to the Bitola inscription where the victory of Samuil, commander of the Bulgarian army, is mentioned in summary form,[3] several medieval historians have written accounts for the battle. Among them were Leo the Deacon who was an eyewitness and a direct participant in the campaign; John Skylitzes and two other historians George Kedrin and Joannes Zonaras who repeat the work of Skylitzes. Not only Byzantine historians wrote accounts for the battle, it was also recorded by the Melkite chronicler Yahaya of Antioch and the Armenians, Stephen of Taron (also known as Asolic) and Matthew of Edessa. More details can be found in the commended sermon of Saint Photius of Thessaly.[4]

Origins of the conflict
Plan of the battle.

In 971, the Byzantine emperor John Tzimiskes forced the captured Bulgarian emperor Boris II to abdicate and move to Constantinople following the fall of the Bulgarian capital Preslav. The Byzantines had occupied only the eastern parts of Bulgaria; to the west, the four sons of the count of Sredets[5] Nikola (David, Moses, Samuil and Aron) continued to rule western Bulgaria. They ruled the free territories in a tetrarchy[6] residing in four separate cities in order to fight the Byzantines with higher efficiency.

The war against Bulgaria was the first major undertaking carried out by Basil II after his ascension to the throne in 976,[7] although the Bulgarian attacks had begun in that year. One of the reasons for the ten years of inaction was the policy of one of the strongest nobles in Byzantium, Basil, who de facto ruled the Byzantine Empire in the first years of his namesake.[8] During that time, the main objective of the government in Constantinople was to crush the rebellion of the military commander Bardas Skleros in Asia Minor between 976 and 979.[9][10]

The local Byzantine governors were left alone to cope with the Bulgarian threat[11] but they were unable to stop the Bulgarians. The positions of the brothers Samuil and Aron (the two eldest brothers David and Moses died soon after the beginning of the great offensive in 976[12][13]) were strengthened not only by the rebellion of Skleros but also the neglect of the former Byzantine Emperor John Tzimisces towards the southwestern Bulgarian lands. After the fall of Preslav and the north-eastern areas of the Bulgarian Empire his main priority became the war against the Arabs in Syria,[14] which gave the Bulgarians time to prepare for a long struggle from the center of the remaining parts of the Empire around the Ohrid and Prespa Lakes.[15]

For one decade after 976 Bulgarian offensives achieved major successes. Samuil managed to liberate north-eastern Bulgaria.[16] Between 982 and 986 the Bulgarians occupied the main city of Thessaly (in modern Greece), Larissa.[17] The constant Bulgarian attacks forced Basil II to respond.[18][19]

Siege of Sredets

In 986, Basil II led a campaign with 15,000 to 20,000 soldiers.[20] The commanders of the eastern armies did not take part in the campaign because they were fighting with the Arabs.[19][21] The Byzantines marched from Odrin via Plovdiv to reach Sredets (Sofia).[21] According to Leo Diaconus the objective of their Emperor was to subdue the Bulgarians with one strike.[18][21] After the capture of Serdica which was a strategic fortress between the northeastern and southwestern Bulgarian lands[21] Basil II intended to continue his campaign towards Samuil's main strongholds in Bulgaria.[22]

On his way to Serdica (the Byzantine name of Sredetz, today Sofia, the capital city of modern-day Bulgaria), Basil II left a strong company under Leon Melissenos to guard the rear of the Byzantine army.[22] When he finally reached the walls of the city, Basil II built a fortified camp and besieged the fortress. After 20 days of fruitless assaults, the Byzantine army ran short of food. Their attempts to find provisions in the surrounding country were stopped by the Bulgarians who burned crops and even took the cattle of the Byzantines. In the end, the city garrison broke out of the walls, killing many enemy soldiers and burning all of the siege equipment, which the inexperienced Byzantine generals had placed too close to the city walls.[21][23]

The battle

Even if the sun would have come down, I would have never thought that the Moesian [Bulgarian] arrows were stronger than the Avzonian [Greek, Byzantine] spears.
... And when you, Phaethon [Sun], descend to the earth with your gold-shining chariot, tell the great soul of the Caesar: The Danube [Bulgaria] took the crown of Rome. The arrows of the Moesians broke the spears of the Avzonians.[24]

— John Geometres on the Battle of the Gates of Trajan

As a result of the successful Bulgarian actions the Byzantines were no longer capable of taking the city with a direct assault. They also could not exhaust the defenders with hunger because, after their supplies were cut, the Byzantines themselves had to deal with that problem. In addition, an army led by Samuil marched into the mountains at the Byzantines' rear.[25] In the meantime, instead of securing the way for retreat, Leon Melissenos pulled back to Plovdiv.[22] That action was an additional reason for Basil II to lift the siege. The commander of the Western armies, Kontostephanos, persuaded him that Melissenos had set off to Constantinople to take his throne.[26]

Basil II and his stepfather, Emperor Nikephoros II (right).

The Byzantine army retreated from the Sofia Valley towards Ihtiman where it stopped for the night. The rumours that the Bulgarians had barred the nearby mountain routes stirred commotion among the soldiers and on the following day the retreat continued in growing disorder.[27] When the Bulgarians under Samuil and probably Roman[27][28] saw that, they rushed to the enemy camp and the retreat turned to flight.[29] The Byzantine advance guard managed to squeeze through slopes which were not yet taken by the Bulgarian attackers.[30] The rest of the army was surrounded by the Bulgarians. Only the elite Armenian unit from the infantry managed to break out with heavy casualties and to lead their Emperor to safety through secondary routes.[31] Enormous numbers[32] of Byzantine soldiers perished in the battle; the rest were captured along with the Imperial insignia.[32][33]

Bulgaria in the years after the battle.

Aftermath

The disaster of the campaign in Bulgaria in 986 was a blow to the consolidation of the monocracy of Basil II. Soon after the Battle of the Gates of Trajan, the nobility in Asia Minor, led by the general Bardas Phokas, rebelled against Basil II for three years.[34]

According to the historian Petar Mutafchiev, after the battle Samuil was in control of the Balkans.[35] According to some historians, the northeastern parts of the Bulgarian Empire were liberated in the years after the battle.[36][37][38][39] However, according to other sources, they were liberated ten years prior to the battle, in 976.[40] The Bulgarians firmly took the initiative and launched continuous attacks towards Thessaloniki, Edessa, and the Adriatic coast.[41] The Serbs were also defeated and their state incorporated into Bulgaria.

See also

References
  1. Korpela, Jukka (2001). Prince, Saint, and Apostle: Prince Vladimir Svjatoslavič of Kiev, His Posthumous Life, and the Religious Legitimization of the Russian Great Power. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 86. ISBN 9783447044578. Retrieved 15 August 2018.
  2. Hupchick, p. 259
  3. Selected sources, т. ІІ, с. 128
  4. With the exception of the Bitola Inscription there is a review of the mentioned sources in Zlatarski 's History of the First Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, p. 665).
  5. Prokić, Božidar (1906). Die Zusätze in der Handschrift des Johannes Scylitzes. Codex Vindobonensis hist. graec. LXXIV (in German). München. p. 28. OCLC 11193528.
  6. Bozhilov, Gyuzelev, 1999, pp. 314–315
  7. Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine state, p. 394
  8. Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine state, pp. 391–393
  9. Mutafchiev, Lectures on Byzantine history, v. ІІ, pp. 267–270
  10. Holmes, Catherine, Basil II (A.D. 976–1025)
  11. Pirivatrić, Samuil's state, pp. 99, 107
  12. 'Pirivatrić, Samuil's state, pp. 99, 146
  13. Andreev, Who is whom in Medieval Bulgaria, pp. 84, 281
  14. Pirivatrić, Samuil's state, p. 72
  15. Pirivatrić, Samuil's state, pp. 97–98
  16. Stoimenov, D., Temporary Byzantine military administration in the Bulgarian lands 971-987/989, GSU NCSVP, v. 82 (2), 1988, p. 40
  17. Pirivatrić, Samuil's state, pp. 107–108, 152–153. According to Zlatarski (History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, pp. 660–663) and Cholpanov (Bulgarian military history during the Middle Ages (10th–15th centuries), p. 38), Larissa was taken in 983.
  18. Selected sources, v. ІІ, p. 76
  19. Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, p. 665
  20. Hupchick, p. 259
  21. Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, p. 669
  22. Angelov / Cholpanov, Bulgarian military history during the Middle Ages (10th–15th centuries), с. 39
  23. Selected sources, v. ІІ, p. 76-77
  24. Ioannis Geometrae Carmina varia. Migne, Patrol. gr., t. 106, col. 934
  25. Angelov / Cholpanov, Bulgarian military history during the Middle Ages (10th–15th centuries), p. 41; Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, p. 672
  26. Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, p. 670-672
  27. Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, pp. 673–674
  28. Pirivatrić, Samuil's state, p. 111
  29. Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, p. 673
  30. Angelov / Cholpanov, Bulgarian military history during the Middle Ages (10th–15th centuries), p. 43
  31. Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, pp. 674–675
  32. Selected sources, т. ІІ, с. 77
  33. Zlatarski, History of the Bulgarian state, v. I, ch. 2, p. 672-675
  34. Mutafchiev, Lectures on Byzantine history, v. ІІ, pp. 272–273; Ostrogorsky, History of the Byzantine state, pp. 397–398
  35. Мутафчиев, Лекции по история на Византия, т. ІІ, с. 271
  36. Bozhilov, Iv., The anonimous of Haza. Bulgaria and Byzantium on the Lower Danube in the end of the 10th century, p. 125
  37. Stoimenov, D., Temporary Byzantine military administration in the Bulgarian lands 971-987/989, GSU NCSVP, v. 82 (2), 1988, pp. 40–43
  38. Nikolov, Centralism and regionalism in early medieval Bulgaria, pp. 194–195
  39. Pirivatrić, Samuil's state, pp. 111, 113, 155
  40. Westberg, F (1951) [1901]. Die Fragmente des Toparcha Goticus (Anonymus Tauricus aus dem 10. Jahrhundert) (in German). Leipzig: Zentralantiquariat der Dt. Demokrat. Republik. p. 502. OCLC 74302950.
  41. Angelov / Cholpanov, Bulgarian military history during the Middle Ages (10th–15th centuries), pp. 44–50

Further reading
  • Andreev, Y.; Iv. Lazarov; Pl. Pavlov (1995). Who is who in Medieval Bulgaria (Koy koy e v srednovekovna Balgariya, Кой кой е в средновековна България) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Prosveta. ISBN 954-01-0476-9.
  • Angelov, Dimitar; Boris Choplanov (1994). Bulgarian military history during the Middle Ages (10th–15th centuries) (Balgarska voenna istoriya prez srednite vekove (X-XV vek), Българска военна история през средните векове (X-XV век)) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: BAN Press. ISBN 954-430-200-X.
  • Bozhilov, Ivan (1979). Bulgaria and Byzantium in the lower Danube in the end of the 10th century (Balgariya i Vizantiya na dolen Dunav v kraya na X vek, България и Византия на долни Дунав в края на X век) (in Bulgarian). Sofia.
  • Mutafchiev, Petar (1992). A book for the Bulgarians (Kniga za balgarite, Книга за българите) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: BAN Press. ISBN 954-430-128-3.
  • Hupchick, Dennis (2017). The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars For Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies. Wlkes-Barre: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-319-56205-6.
  • Mutafchiev, Petar (1995). "II". Lectures on Byzantine history (Lektsii po istoriya na Vizantiya, Лекции по история на Византия) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Anubis. ISBN 954-426-063-3.
  • Nikolov, Georgi (2005). Centralism and regionalism in early Medieval Bulgaria (end of the 7th – beginning of the 11th centuries) (Tsentralizam i regionalizam v rannosrednowekovna Balgariya (kraya na VII — nachaloto na XI vek), Централизъм и регионализъм в ранносредновековна България (края на VII — началото на XI век)) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Academic Press Marin Drinov. ISBN 954-430-787-7.
  • Ostrogorsky, George (1998). History of the Byzantine state (Istoriya na Vizantiyskata darzhava, История на византийската държава) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Academic Press Marin Drinov. ISBN 954-8079-92-5.
  • Pirivatrić, Srđan; Božidar Ferјančić (1997). Samuil's state: appearance and character (Samuilovata darzhava: obhvat i harakter, Самуиловата държава: обхват и характер) (in Serbian). Belgrade: Institute of Byzantology SANU. OCLC 41476117.
  • Selected sources for the Bulgarian history, Volume II: The Bulgarian states and the Bulgarians in the Middle Ages (Podbrani izvori za balgarskata istoriya, Tom II: Balgarskite darzhavi i Balgarite prez Srednovekovieto, Подбрани извори за българската история, Том ІІ: Българските държави и българите през Средновековието) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: TANGRA TanNakRa IK. 2004. ISBN 954-9942-40-6.
  • Stoimenov, D., Temporary Byzantine military administration in the Bulgarian lands 971-987/989 (Vremenna vizantiyska voenna administratsiya v balgarskite zemi 971-987/989, Временна византийска военна администрация в българските земи 971-987/989), in Yearbook of the Sofia University Magazine. Scientific Center of Slavic-Byzantine Research (GSU HCSVP), ch. 82 (2), 1988, pp. 39–65
  • Zlatarski, Vasil (1994). "1". History of the Bulgarian state in the Middle Ages (Istoriya na balgarskite darzhavi prez Srednovekovieto, История на българските държави през Средновековието) (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Academic Press Marin Drinov. ISBN 954-430-299-9.

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