Bob Packwood

Packwood was born in Portland, Oregon, graduated from Grant High School in 1950, and in 1954 graduated from Willamette University in Salem.

Packwood is the great-grandson of William H. Packwood, the youngest member of the Oregon Constitutional Convention of 1857.[1][2] Packwood had his great-grandfather's political bent from his early years. During his undergraduate years, he participated in Young Republican activities and worked on political campaigns, including later Governor and US Senator Mark Hatfield's first run for the Oregon House of Representatives. He received the Root-Tilden Scholarship to New York University's Law School, where he earned national awards in moot court competition and was elected student body president.[3] After graduating from the NYU Law School in 1957, he was admitted to the bar and practiced law in Portland.

In 1960, he was elected Chairman of the Multnomah County Republican Central Committee, thus becoming the youngest party chairman of a major metropolitan area in the country.[4] In 1962, he became the youngest member of the Oregon Legislature[5] when he was elected to the Oregon House of Representatives after a campaign waged by what The Oregonian called "one of the most effective working organizations in many an election moon in Oregon." Hundreds of volunteers went door-to-door distributing leaflets throughout the district and put up lawn signs that became "literally a geographical feature" of the district.[6] Because of the effectiveness of his own campaigns, Packwood was selected to organize a political action committee that recruited attractive Republican candidates for the Oregon House throughout the state,[3] and trained them in "Packwood-style" campaigning methods.[7][8] The success of his candidates was credited with the Republican takeover of the Oregon House, thus making Oregon the only state in the Union in which the Republicans were able to score a significant victory in 1964.[7][8][9]

He was a member of the Oregon House of Representatives from 1963 to 1968. In 1965, he founded the Dorchester Conference, an annual political conclave on the Oregon coast that "pointedly ignored state leadership in the Grand Old Party"[10] to bring Republican officeholders and citizens together to discuss current issues and pass resolutions taking stands on those issues. Initially a forum for liberal politics, it has become an annual networking event for Oregon Republicans.

Packwood in 1977

Packwood discusses tax reform with President Ronald Reagan in 1986

In 1968, Packwood was nominated to run for the U.S. Senate as the Oregon Republican candidate against Democrat Wayne Morse. Morse had been elected to the Senate as a Republican in 1944 and 1950, then switched parties due to his liberal views, and was easily reelected as a Democrat in 1956 and 1962. The relatively unknown Packwood was given little chance, but after an 11th-hour debate with the incumbent before the City Club of Portland, which Packwood was generally considered to have won,[11] and a statewide recount in which over 100,000 ballots were challenged by both parties,[12] Packwood was declared the winner by 3,500 votes.[13] He then replaced Senator Ted Kennedy as the youngest senator.[14] Packwood was reelected in 1974, 1980, 1986, and 1992. He became "one of the country's most powerful elected officials".[15] His voting record was moderate. He supported restrictions on gun owners and liberal civil rights legislation. Packwood voted in favor of the bill establishing Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday and the Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 (as well to override President Reagan's veto).[16][17][18]

Packwood differed with President Richard Nixon on some significant issues. He voted against Nixon's Supreme Court nominees Clement Haynsworth and G. Harrold Carswell, "two of Nixon's most embarrassing defeats,"[19] as well as Nixon's proposals for the B-1 bomber, submarines capable of carrying the Trident missile and the supersonic transport (SST).[19] He became the first Senate Republican to support Nixon's impeachment.[2] In a White House meeting of November 15, 1973, he told President Nixon that the public no longer believed the President and no longer trusted the integrity of the administration.[20]

Two years before the Roe v. Wade decision by the Supreme Court, he introduced the Senate's first abortion legalization bill, but he was unable to attract a cosponsor for it.[21] His pro-choice stance earned him the loyalty of many feminist groups[22] and numerous awards including those from the Planned Parenthood Federation of America (January 10, 1983) and the National Women's Political Caucus (October 23, 1985). In 1987, Packwood crossed party lines to vote against the nomination of Robert Bork to the Supreme Court, and he was one of only two Republicans to vote against the nomination of Clarence Thomas to the court in 1991.[3] Both votes were based on the nominee's opposition to abortion rights.[3]

He played a major role in the enactment of the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area Act,[23] which protected scenic Hells Canyon, the deepest river gorge in North America, by making it into a 652,488-acre (2,640.53 km²) National Recreation Area on the borders of northeastern Oregon and western Idaho.[24] Packwood sponsored the bill, and was credited with becoming "a genuine leader in the preservation battle" in Congress and in the end, second only to the idea's originator "the single most important individual in the history of Hells Canyon preservation".[25][26] Environmentalists also praised his advocacy of solar energy, returnable bottles, and bike paths.[19]

Deregulation was another interest. In the late 1970s, he became a passionate supporter of trucking deregulation and a "persuasive spokesman" for reform. When deregulation became law, newspaper editorials praised Packwood for his pivotal role in the deregulation battle.[27]

He has been described as an ardent pro-Israel supporter. He, along with Tom Dine, opposed the F-15 sale to the Saudis under President Reagan.[28]

He was most noted for his role in the 1986 "unlikely triumph of tax reform" while he was chairman of the powerful Senate Finance Committee.[29] President Ronald Reagan had proposed the idea of tax reform in 1984, but Packwood's initial response was indifference. However, he played a leading role in fashioning a "radically new tax code that will raise business taxes by some $120 billion over five years—and lower personal income taxes by roughly the same amount."[3] Historians of the Act have written that his turnaround "revived the dying tax reform bill",[30] and credited his "ingenuity and astonishing legislative skill" for passage of the law,[31] which "despite its warts and wrinkles…succeeded at the fundamental purpose of reform".[32]

Packwood's debating skills were rated A+ by USA Today in the issue of July 18, 1986. But his debating and legislative skills could kill bills as well as pass them. His "masterful" floor management has been credited with killing President Clinton's 1993 health care bill.[33] And he could be stubborn; in 1988 he was carried feet-first into the Senate Chamber by Capitol Police for a quorum call on campaign finance reform legislation.[34]

Soon after leaving the Senate, Packwood founded the lobbying firm Sunrise Research Corporation. The former senator used his expertise in taxes and trade and his status as a former Senate Finance Committee chairman to land lucrative contracts with numerous clients, among them Northwest Airlines, Freightliner Corp. and Marriott International Inc.[43] Among other projects, he played a key role in the 2001 fight to repeal the estate tax. In 2015, Packwood returned to the Senate as a witness for the Senate Finance Committee, which was again considering tax reform. He and Bill Bradley spoke on the 1986 Tax Reform bill.[44]

• List of United States Senators expelled or censured
• List of American federal politicians convicted of crimes
• List of federal political sex scandals in the United States
• List of federal political scandals in the United States

• Mahoney, Barbara. "Bob Packwood". The Oregon Encyclopedia.
• United States Congress. "Bob Packwood (id: P000009)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.
• Text of the Senate's resolution for investigation, May 17, 1995.
• "Packwood Is Leaving As a Pariah In His State", The New York Times
• Speech by Robert Packwood given on November 3, 1969. Audio recording from The University of Alabama's Emphasis Symposium on Contemporary Issues
• Appearances on C-SPAN