Bodrum

Bodrum (Turkish pronunciation: [ˈbodɾum]) is a district and a port city in Muğla Province, in the southwestern Aegean Region of Turkey. It is located on the southern coast of Bodrum Peninsula, at a point that checks the entry into the Gulf of Gökova, and is also the center of the eponymous district. The city was called Halicarnassus of Caria in ancient times and was famous for housing the Mausoleum of Mausolus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Built by the Knights Hospitaller in the 15th century, Bodrum Castle overlooks the harbour and the marina. The castle includes a museum of underwater archaeology and hosts several cultural festivals throughout the year. The city had a population of 36,317 in 2012. It takes 50 minutes via boat to reach Kos from Bodrum, with services running multiple times a day by at least three operators.

Bodrum
District of Muğla Province
Bodrum
Bodrum
Bodrum
Bodrum
Coordinates: 37°02′00″N 27°26′00″E
Country Turkey
ProvinceMuğla
Government
 • MayorAhmet Aras[1] (CHP)
 • KaymakamBekir Yılmaz[2]
Area
 • District656.06 km2 (253.31 sq mi)
Population
 (2013)
 • Urban
36,401[4]
Websitewww.bodrum.com.tr

Etymology

In classical antiquity Bodrum was known as Halicarnassus (Ancient Greek: Ἁλικαρνασσός,[5] Turkish: Halikarnas), a major city in ancient Caria. The suffix -ᾱσσός (-assos) of Greek Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός is indicative of a substrate toponym, meaning that an original non-Greek name influenced or established the place's name.

It has been proposed that -καρνᾱσσός (-carnassos) part is cognate with Luwian word "ha+ra/i-na-sà", which means fortress.[6] If so, city's ancient name was probably borrowed from Carian, a Luwic language spoken alongside Greek in Western Anatolia. The Carian name for Halicarnassus has been tentatively identified with 𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰 (alos k̂arnos) in inscriptions.[7]

The modern name Bodrum derives from the town's medieval name Petronium, which has its roots in the Hospitaller Castle of St. Peter (see history).

History
See also: Halicarnassus
Theatre of Halicarnassus in Bodrum, with the Bodrum Castle seen in the background.

Halicarnassus (Ancient Greek: Ἁλικαρνᾱσσός, romanized: Halikarnassós or Ἀλικαρνασσός Alikarnassós; Turkish: Halikarnas) was an ancient Greek city at the site of modern Bodrum in Turkey. Halicarnassus was founded by Dorian Greeks, and the figures on its coins, such as the head of Medusa, Athena or Poseidon, or the trident, support the statement that the mother cities were Troezen and Argos.[8] The inhabitants appear to have accepted Anthes, a son of Poseidon, as their legendary founder, as mentioned by Strabo, and were proud of the title of Antheadae. The Carian name for Halicarnassus has been tentatively identified with Alosδkarnosδ in inscriptions.

At an early period Halicarnassus was a member of the Doric Hexapolis, which included Kos, Cnidus, Lindos, Kameiros and Ialysus; but it was expelled from the league when one of its citizens, Agasicles, took home the prize tripod which he had won in the Triopian games, instead of dedicating it according to custom to the Triopian Apollo. In the early 5th century Halicarnassus was under the sway of Artemisia I of Caria (also known as Artemesia of Halicarnassus [9]), who made herself famous as a naval commander at the battle of Salamis. Of Pisindalis, her son and successor, little is known; but Lygdamis, the tyrant of Halicarnussus, who next attained power, is notorious for having put to death the poet Panyasis and causing Herodotus, possibly the best known Halicarnassian, to leave his native city (c. 457 BC).[10]

The city later fell under Persian rule. Under the Persians, it was the capital city of the satrapy of Caria, the region that had since long constituted its hinterland and of which it was the principal port. Its strategic location ensured that the city enjoyed considerable autonomy. Archaeological evidence from the period such as the recently discovered Salmakis (Kaplankalesi) Inscription, now in Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, attest to the particular pride its inhabitants had developed.[11]

Alexander the Great laid siege to the city after his arrival in Carian lands and, together with his ally, the queen Ada of Caria, captured it after fighting in 334 BCE.

Mausolus
Surviving substructures and ruins of the Mausoleum of Mausolus, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.
Replica model of Mausoleum of Mausolus in Miniatürk, Istanbul

Mausolus ruled Caria from here, nominally on behalf of the Persians and independently in practical terms, for much of his reign from 377 to 353 BC. When he died in 353 BC, Artemisia II of Caria, who was both his sister and his widow, employed the ancient Greek architects Satyros and Pythis, and the four sculptors Bryaxis, Scopas, Leochares and Timotheus to build a monument, as well as a tomb, for him. The word "mausoleum" derives from the structure of this tomb. It was a temple-like structure decorated with reliefs and statuary on a massive base. Today only the foundations and a few pieces of sculpture remain.

Petronium
Bodrum Castle coat of arms.

Crusader Knights arrived in 1402 and used the remains of the Mausoleum as a quarry to build the still impressively standing Bodrum Castle (Castle of Saint Peter), which is a well-preserved example of the late Crusader architecture in the east Mediterranean. The Knights Hospitaller (Knights of St. John) were given permission to build it by the Ottoman sultan Mehmed I, after Tamerlane had destroyed their previous fortress located in İzmir's inner bay. The castle and its town became known as Petronium, whence the modern name Bodrum derives.

In 1522, Suleiman the Magnificent conquered the base of the Crusader knights on the island of Rhodes, who then relocated first briefly to Sicily and later permanently to Malta, leaving the Castle of Saint Peter and Bodrum to the Ottoman Empire.

20th century

Bodrum was a quiet town of fishermen and sponge divers until the mid-20th century; although, as Mansur points out, the presence of a large community of bilingual Cretan Turks, coupled with the conditions of free trade and access with the islands of the Southern Dodecanese until 1935, made it less provincial.[12] The fact that traditional agriculture was not a very rewarding activity in the rather dry peninsula also prevented the formation of a class of large landowners. Bodrum has no notable history of political or religious extremism either. A first nucleus of intellectuals started to form after the 1950s around the writer Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı, who had first come here in exile two decades before and was charmed by the town to the point of adopting the pen name Halikarnas Balıkçısı ('The Fisherman of Halicarnassus').[13]

Geography

Climate

Bodrum has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa in the Köppen climate classification). Winter average is around 15 °C (59 °F) and in the summer 34 °C (93 °F), with very sunny spells. Summers are hot and mostly sunny and winters are mild and humid.[14]

Climate data for Bodrum
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6)		 24.0
(75.2)		 28.7
(83.7)		 30.8
(87.4)		 39.0
(102.2)		 42.3
(108.1)		 46.8
(116.2)		 45.0
(113.0)		 39.8
(103.6)		 38.9
(102.0)		 31.0
(87.8)		 24.5
(76.1)		 46.8
(116.2)
Average high °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4)		 15.2
(59.4)		 17.6
(63.7)		 21.1
(70.0)		 26.0
(78.8)		 31.2
(88.2)		 34.2
(93.6)		 34.0
(93.2)		 30.3
(86.5)		 25.6
(78.1)		 20.3
(68.5)		 16.5
(61.7)		 23.9
(75.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.4
(52.5)		 11.3
(52.3)		 13.2
(55.8)		 16.4
(61.5)		 20.9
(69.6)		 25.7
(78.3)		 28.3
(82.9)		 28.0
(82.4)		 24.5
(76.1)		 20.3
(68.5)		 15.8
(60.4)		 12.7
(54.9)		 19.0
(66.3)
Average low °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)		 8.1
(46.6)		 9.7
(49.5)		 12.7
(54.9)		 16.5
(61.7)		 20.8
(69.4)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 20.3
(68.5)		 16.8
(62.2)		 12.8
(55.0)		 9.8
(49.6)		 15.2
(59.3)
Record low °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1)		 −4.5
(23.9)		 −1.8
(28.8)		 2.8
(37.0)		 8.0
(46.4)		 12.6
(54.7)		 16
(61)		 18.5
(65.3)		 10.8
(51.4)		 7.8
(46.0)		 2.0
(35.6)		 0.2
(32.4)		 −4.5
(23.9)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 134.1
(5.28)		 107.9
(4.25)		 74.0
(2.91)		 39.1
(1.54)		 18.4
(0.72)		 7.5
(0.30)		 1.3
(0.05)		 8.5
(0.33)		 20.8
(0.82)		 40.5
(1.59)		 97.7
(3.85)		 156.2
(6.15)		 706
(27.79)
Average rainy days 12.3 11.2 8.5 6.9 3.7 2.1 1.5 1.0 2.8 5.3 8.8 13.2 77.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 148.8 151.2 198.4 225 285.2 318 337.9 322.4 273 223.2 168 139.5 2,790.6
Source: Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü [15]


Climate data for water temperatures in Bodrum
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3)		 17.0
(62.6)		 16.6
(61.9)		 18.2
(64.8)		 21.0
(69.8)		 24.5
(76.1)		 26.8
(80.2)		 27.4
(81.3)		 26.8
(80.2)		 25.3
(77.5)		 22.0
(71.6)		 19.8
(67.6)		 22.0
(71.6)
Average low °C (°F) 15.2
(59.4)		 14.9
(58.8)		 15.2
(59.4)		 15.3
(59.5)		 17.6
(63.7)		 21.0
(69.8)		 23.1
(73.6)		 24.5
(76.1)		 23.7
(74.7)		 20.0
(68.0)		 17.2
(63.0)		 15.7
(60.3)		 18.6
(65.5)
Source: seatemperature.org[16]

Main sights
The Castle of St. Peter was built by the Knights Hospitaller.

The Castle of St. Peter, also known as Bodrum Castle, is one of the major attractions on the peninsula. The castle was built by the Knights Hospitaller during 15th century and the walls of fortification contains some pieces of the Mausoleum ruins, as it was used as a source for construction materials. The Castle of Bodrum retains its original design and character of Knights' period and reflects Gothic architecture.[17] It also contains the Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, a museum opened by Turkish Government in 1962 for the underwater discoveries of ancient shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea.[18] In 2016 the castle was inscribed in the Tentative list of World Heritage Sites in Turkey.[17] The castle is currently under renovation since 2017 and only some parts of it is accessible for touristic purposes.[19]

Built in 4th century BC, ruins of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus is also one of the main sights in Bodrum. It was a tomb designed by the Greek architects and built for Mausolus, a satrap in the Persian Empire, and his sister-wife Artemisia II of Caria.[20] The structure was once considered as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,[21] but by the 12th century CE had mostly been destroyed.[22][23][24] Today ruins of the tomb attracts both domestic and international tourists.[25] It is planned to turn the ruins into an open-air museum in future years.[26]

Apart from Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, there are also other museums that are located on the peninsula. Zeki Müren Art Museum is a museum dedicated to Turkish classical musician Zeki Müren. After his death, the house in which the artist lived in Bodrum for the last years of his life was transformed into Zeki Müren Art Museum by the order of the Ministry of Culture and was opened to the public on 8 June 2000.[27] Bodrum Maritime Museum is another museum of Bodrum that targets to conduct activities regarding classification, exhibition, restoration, conservation, storage and safekeeping of the historical documents, works and objects important for the maritime history of the city.[28] Bodrum City Museum is a minor museum in city center that presents the general history of Bodrum peninsula.[29]

Demographics

The population for the town of Bodrum was 35,795 in the 2012 census. The surrounding towns & villages had an additional 100,522, for a total for the district of 136,317.[30]

Historical population
Year Total Urban Rural
1965[31]25.8115.13620.675
1970[32]27.3836.07721.306
1975[33]29.4907.85821.632
1980[34]32.5179.79922.718
1985[35]37.96612.94925.017
1990[36]56.82120.93135.890
2000[37]97.82632.22765.599
2007[38]105.47428.57576.899
2008[39]114.49830.68883.810
2009[40]118.23731.59086.647
2010[41]124.82033.25891.562
2011[42]130.99034.86696.124
2012[43]136.31735.795100.522
2013[44]140.716140.716N/A
2014[45]152.440152.440N/A
2015[46]155.815155.815N/A
2016[47]160.002160.002N/A

Government

The district of Bodrum is one of 957 in Turkey. It is in Muğla Province which is part of the Aydin Subregion, which, in turn, is part of the Aegean Region. Bodrum has become a sub-district in 1871 and a district of Muğla Province in 1872. Bodrum Municipality serves with its 18 directorates and subsidiary units in the entire of Bodrum Peninsula which has an area of 689 km2 and a coastline of 215 km length. The organizational structure of Bodrum Municipality is composed of the Mayor, 4 Deputy Mayors and 18 Directorates.[48]

Bodrum district in Muğla Province

Bodrum Municipality has served as the sole district municipality in Bodrum region for many years. Afterwards, with the significant increase in the population of peninsula, a town municipality has been founded with the name of Karatoprak (Turgutreis) in 1967. In conjunction with increased settlements to the towns and villages of Bodrum, Mumcular (1972), Yalıkavak (1989) and Gündoğan Municipalities (1992) were established.[48]

Following the new municipality law introduced in 1999, many villages in Bodrum turned into towns in the same year. Ortakent-Yahşi with the integration of Ortakent and Yahşi villages, Göltürkbükü with the integration of Gölköy and Türkbükü, Yalı with the integration of Yalı and Kızılağaç villages were established. In the same year Gümüşlük , Konacık and Bitez Municipalities were founded, making the number of the municipalities across Bodrum Peninsula 11.[48]

After Muğla Province received Metropolitan Municipality status, these town municipalities were closed and all towns across the province were integrated into Bodrum city. From 30 March 2014 the peninsula started to be governed as a sole municipality.[48]

Economy
Milta Bodrum Marina

During the 20th century the city's economy was mainly based on fishing and sponge diving. Even though naked sponge diving's past can be traced back at least three thousand years in the Aegean region, modern sponge diving started to be prevalent in Bodrum after the Koan and Cretan immigrants settled in the city in the early 20s, after the population exchange between Greece and Turkey.[49] During its golden age between 1945 and 1965, there were close to 150 boats engaged in sponge diving activities in Bodrum. However, due to the sponge diseases, artificial sponge production and ban on sponge diving eventually ended this lucrative industry in Bodrum.[49]

Gulet type schooners near Bodrum

Over the years, tourism became one of the major activities and main income source of local communities in Bodrum.[50] The abundance of visitors has also enlivened Bodrum's retail and service industry. Leather goods, particularly for traditional woven sandals are well known products in the town. Other traditional goods such as tangerine flavored Turkish delight, Nazar amulets and handicrafts are also main souvenirs that are sold in the city.[51]

Apart from small shopping facilities the city hosts some larger shopping centers like Midtown and Oasis. There are also Yacht and small ship accommodation oriented marinas such as Milta Bodrum Marina,[52] D-Marin Turgutreis,[52] and award-winning Yalıkavak Marina.[53]

The Carian Trail also pass by Bodrum and surrounding Kızılağaç and Pedasa ruins, which attracts hikers both from inside and outside of Turkey.[54]

Culture
Bodrum's cityscape is dominated by white buildings.

Architecture
Traditional white houses in Bodrum.

Traditional Bodrum houses are characterized by their prismatic shapes, simplistic designs and locally sourced building materials like stone, wood, clay and cane.[55] They also tend to have white dominated exterior walls with some blue parts (doors, windows).[56] Apart from the historic tradition, the reason for a white exterior is associated with the bug and scorpion repellent properties of lime, which is found in white paint. Blue is also believed to protect against bad luck by locals (similar to Nazar).[56]

According to Muğla Municipality, in order to acquire a building permit one have to accept to paint the walls of the new building white. Use of any paint other than white on the exterior walls of a building has been officially banned by Muğla Governor Temel Koçaklar at 2006.[57] This was implemented to protect the historical fabric and cultural identity of the city.[57]

Events and festivals

Bodrum International Ballet Festival is being held in Bodrum every summer since 2002.[58] Furthermore, Bodrum has also been hosting Bodrum International Biennial since 2014.[59] Bodrum Baroque Music Festival is another annual music event held in the city.[60]

Transportation

Airports

There are no airports in the city. Two airports serve the city. Milas–Bodrum Airport is located 36 kilometres (22 mi) northeast of Bodrum, with both domestic and international flights.[61] Kos Island International Airport, 70 kilometres (43 mi) to the SW, located in Andimachia, Greece, accessible by boats from Bodrum across a 20 kilometres (12 mi) stretch of the Aegean Sea. Aside from year-round flights to Greek destinations, Kos airport's traffic is seasonal.

Bus
Two dolmuş near İçmeler, Bodrum.

Main bus station is located in the city center and it accommodates intercity bus services to other locations in Turkey. There are around 47 different bus companies on the main station, which have routes mainly to major cities like İstanbul, Ankara and İzmir.[62]

Most of the public transportation in the city is based on local share taxis called "dolmuş". Each of these privately owned minibuses display their particular route on signboards behind their windscreens.[63] The word derives from Turkish for "full" or "stuffed", as these share taxis depart from the terminal only when a sufficient number of passengers have boarded.[64] Apart from these minibuses Muğla Municipality also has a scheduled bus service program between towns on Bodrum peninsula.[65] Public transportation between major towns such as Gümbet, Bitez, Turgutreis and main bus station is non-stop.[66]

Port

The port has ferries to other nearby Turkish and Greek ports and islands.[61] Bodrum has three large marinas and cruise berths. The first marina Milta, located in the center of Bodrum. The second marina is located in Turgutreis, and the third Palmarina in Yalikavak.

Wildlife

Maquis shrubland biome, which is the typical vegetation of Mediterranean climate, is widespread in Bodrum, especially near the coastal areas. Forests also cover 61.3% of the district.[67] Conifers such as pines, larches, stone pines, cedars and junipers are the dominant trees in the region.[68] Forested areas are prone to fires and wildfires are common in district's history.[69] 95% of forest fires is believed to be caused by human activities in Turkey and there are concerns that forests are deliberately being put on fire to enlarge the city. Ruling party AKP has been criticized by media for giving building permits on burnt and deforested area to construct new hotels.[70][71]

Wild boars and foxes are prevalent in the area, as other animals like pygmy cormorants, Dalmatian pelicans and lesser kestrels. The region is also home to endangered and internationally protected Mediterranean monk seal.[67]

Notable people
Bodrum Castle Mosque

Twin towns — sister cities

Bodrum is twinned with:

See also

References
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