Bowl Coalition

The Bowl Coalition was formed through an agreement among Division I-A college football bowl games and conferences for the purpose of forcing a national championship game between the top two teams and to provide quality bowl game matchups for the champions of its member conferences. It was established for the 1992 season after there were co-national champions for both 1990 and 1991. The agreement was in place for the 1992, 1993, and 1994 college football seasons. It was the predecessor of the Bowl Alliance, and later the Bowl Championship Series.

Bowl Coalition
In operation19921994
Preceded byNational Polls (1869–1991)
Succeeded byBowl Alliance (19951997)
Number of Coalition bowls
  • Tier 1: 4 each season
  • Tier 2: 3 (1992) or 2 (1993–1994)
Championship trophyAFCA National Championship Trophy
Most Coalition bowl appearancesFlorida, Florida St., Miami (FL), Nebraska, Notre Dame (3)
Most Coalition bowl winsFlorida St. (3)
Most Coalition bowl championshipsAlabama, Florida St., Nebraska (1)
Conference with most appearancesACC, Big East, Big 8, SEC, SWC (6)
Conference with most game winsSEC (5)
Conference with most championshipsACC, Big 8, SEC (1)
Last championship game1995 Orange Bowl
Last championNebraska

Background

Since the AP Poll began crowning its national champion after the bowl games in 1968, the two top-ranked teams going into the bowls had only played each other in a bowl six times, most recently after the 1987 season. This raised the possibility that the two top-ranked teams at the end of the regular season would never meet on the field, even when there was a clear-cut #1 and #2. Following two consecutive seasons of split national championships in 1990 and 1991, there was a renewed effort in devising a system that would force a #1 vs. #2 national championship bowl game.

The Bowl Coalition consisted of five conferences (the SEC, Big 8, SWC, ACC, and Big East), independent Notre Dame, and seven bowl games (the Orange, Sugar, Cotton, Fiesta, Gator, John Hancock/Sun, and, for the 1992 season only, the Blockbuster bowl).

Under the agreement, bowl bids would be extended to the five member conference champions plus five at-large teams. The at-large teams would come from a pool of four member conferences' runners-up (the SEC, Big Eight, SWC, ACC AND Big East), the runner-up of the Pac-10, the SEC's third-place team (since the SEC started playing a championship game in the 1992 season and the championship game loser was tied to the Citrus Bowl) and independent Notre Dame. The Orange, Sugar, Cotton, and Fiesta Bowls were "Tier 1 Bowls" under the Coalition agreement, and the Gator, John Hancock/Sun, and Blockbuster were "Tier 2 Bowls." The Orange, Sugar, and Cotton bowls retained their long-standing agreements to invite the Big 8, SEC, and SWC champs, respectively. However, the SEC, Big 8, and SWC champs would be released to play in another bowl if it was necessary to force a "title game." For example, if the SEC and SWC champions were ranked first and second, the Cotton Bowl would have released the SWC champ to play in the Sugar Bowl, or the Sugar Bowl would have released the SEC champ to play in the Cotton Bowl. This did not happen in any of the three years, as either the Big East or ACC champion qualified for the championship in those years.

The top "host" team played the top "at-large" team in the host team's affiliated bowl. Slots for the games were chosen by the "Bowl Poll," in which the points from the AP and Coaches polls were combined. If the top 2 teams were both "at-large", then the Fiesta would have hosted the "title game." The #3 team from the SEC hosted the Gator Bowl. The American Football Coaches Association agreed to rank the winner of the Bowl Coalition's "title game" as the top team in the final Coaches' Poll, thus guaranteeing the winner of the game at least a share of the national championship.

The system worked perfectly in its first year. Big East champion Miami was ranked first in both polls, while SEC champion Alabama was ranked second. As Big East champion, Miami was free to choose a bowl, and it opted to face Alabama in the 1993 Sugar Bowl, forcing the first bowl matchup between the consensus #1 and #2 teams since 1987.

Criticism

The Coalition was flawed in several respects. Most significantly, it did not include the champions of the Big Ten and Pac-10, both of whom were contractually obligated to play in the Rose Bowl. The Coalition's founders tried to get the Tournament of Roses Association to release the Big Ten and Pac-10 champions to play in a title game if one of them was ranked #1 or #2 in the Bowl Poll, but it refused to do so due to concerns about this potentially violating its television contract with ABC.

The possibility also still existed that an undefeated and untied team would not get a chance to play for the national championship. This actually occurred during the 1993 season. Nebraska and West Virginia both finished the season undefeated and untied. However, West Virginia, ranked #2 in the final regular season Coaches Poll behind #1 Nebraska, and was ranked #3 in the final regular season AP Poll behind #1 Florida State and #2 Nebraska. The margin between West Virginia and Florida State was large enough to drop the Mountaineers to third in the Bowl Coalition Poll, forcing them to settle for a berth in the Sugar Bowl.

Also, the Coalition did not include the so-called "mid-major" I-A conferences—the WAC, Big West, and Mid-American, nor any of the Division I-A independents other than Notre Dame. However, it was argued that most of these schools did not have schedules strong enough to be legitimate title contenders. For example, when BYU won the national championship in 1984—the last time a team from a mid-major conference has won a consensus national championship to date (UCF claimed a national championship in 2017)—some college football pundits argued that the Cougars had not played a legitimate schedule. BYU had only played one ranked team all season, and only two of the Cougars' opponents won more than seven games. Despite criticism of their schedule, the Cougars were a near-unanimous pick as national champion at the end of the season. The Coalition's exclusion of mid-major conferences made it difficult for this to ever happen again.

Demise

The Bowl Coalition's demise came about, in large part, as the result of two events that occurred in the 1994 season. First, the Southwest Conference, which had seen a marked decline in its quality of play over the past decade, announced it would dissolve after the 1995 season. Also, Notre Dame slipped from 10–1–1 in 1992 and 11–1 in 1993 to 6–4–1 in 1994. Notre Dame was still invited to the Fiesta Bowl in the 1994 season, losing 41–24 to Colorado in a game played on January 2, 1995. The sudden fall of Notre Dame led some involved in the Bowl Coalition to be concerned about the possibility of Notre Dame failing to win the minimum six games to be eligible for a bowl invitation. To alleviate these concerns, before the 1995 season the Bowl Coalition was reconfigured into the Bowl Alliance, breaking up the conference tie-ins and tweaking a system that still did not include the Big Ten and the Pac 10.

The final year of the Bowl Coalition saw its formula break down completely, as the situation it was designed to prevent (a split national championship) presented itself as a serious possibility. Nebraska finished the season at #1 in the AP and coaches' polls while Penn State was #2 in both polls. Both schools had gone undefeated in the regular season as well. Penn State, however, had decided shortly after the Bowl Coalition was formed to give up their independent football status and join a conference. That conference was the Big Ten, which as mentioned had no ties to the coalition and whose champion was contractually obligated to play in the Rose Bowl. Nebraska, as Big Eight champion, qualified automatically for the Orange Bowl. Since the #2 team in the polls was unavailable, the coalition invited the next highest ranked team, #3 Miami, to face Nebraska in its national championship game. The Orange Bowl was scheduled for New Year's night in Miami, while Penn State would face Oregon the following afternoon in the Rose Bowl (New Year's Day fell on a Sunday in 1995; when this happens bowls scheduled for January 1 are typically moved back one day). This meant that not only would there be a split championship if Miami won, but that Penn State's fate could be sealed before they even had a chance to play their game. In the end Nebraska defeated Miami to win the Orange Bowl and became consensus champions despite Penn State's win over Oregon in the Rose Bowl.

One legacy of the Bowl Coalition was that it cemented the status of the Fiesta Bowl as a major bowl. The Fiesta Bowl was by far the youngest of the "Tier 1" bowls. Indeed, it was the only "Tier 1" bowl that was less than a half-century old at the time, and was far newer than the "Tier 2" Gator and Sun Bowls.

Bowl Coalition games

1992 season

Tier I
BowlDateWinnerCon.ScoreLoserCon.Score
CottonJanuary 1, 19935 Notre Dame (10–1–1)Ind.284 Texas A&M (12–1)SWC3
FiestaJanuary 1, 19936 Syracuse (10–2)Big East #22610 Colorado (9–2–1)Big 8 #222
OrangeJanuary 1, 19933 Florida State (11–1)ACC2711 Nebraska (9–3)Big 814
SugarJanuary 1, 19932 Alabama (12–0)SEC341 Miami (FL) (11–0)Big East13
Tier II
BowlDateWinnerCon.ScoreLoserCon.Score
HancockDecember 31, 1992Baylor (7–5)SWC #22022 Arizona (6–5–1)Pac-1015
GatorDecember 31, 199214 Florida (9–4)SEC #32712 NC State (9–3–1)ACC #210
BlockbusterJanuary 1, 199313 Stanford (9–3)Pac-10 #22421 Penn State (7–5)Ind.3

1993 season

Tier I
BowlDateWinnerCon.ScoreLoserCon.Score
CottonJanuary 1, 19944 Notre Dame (10–1)Ind.247 Texas A&M (10–1)SWC21
FiestaJanuary 1, 199416 Arizona (9–2)Pac-10 #22910 Miami (FL) (9–2)Big East #20
SugarJanuary 1, 19948 Florida (10–2)SEC413 West Virginia (11–0)Big East7
OrangeJanuary 1, 19941 Florida State (11–1)ACC182 Nebraska (11–0)Big 816
Tier II
BowlDateWinnerCon.ScoreLoserCon.Score
HancockDecember 24, 199319 Oklahoma (8–3)Big 8 #241Texas Tech (6–5)SWC #210
GatorDecember 31, 199318 Alabama (8–3–1)SEC #32412 North Carolina (10–2)ACC #210

1994 season

Tier I
BowlDateWinnerCon.ScoreLoserCon.Score
CottonJanuary 2, 199521 USC (7–3–1)Pac-10 #255Texas Tech (6–5)SWC14
FiestaJanuary 2, 19954 Colorado (10–1)Big 8 #241Notre Dame (6–4–1)Ind.24
SugarJanuary 2, 19957 Florida State (9–1–1)ACC235 Florida (10–1–1)SEC17
OrangeJanuary 1, 19951 Nebraska (12–0)Big 8243 Miami (10–1)Big East17
Tier II
BowlDateWinnerCon.ScoreLoserCon.Score
SunDecember 30, 1994Texas (8–3)SWC #23519 North Carolina (8–3)ACC #231
GatorDecember 30, 1994Tennessee (7–4)SEC #34517 Virginia Tech (8–3)Big East #223

Notes:

  • Bold denotes Bowl Coalition National Championship Game
  • Rankings are from the AP Poll. Records and Rankings are prior to bowl games.
  • The Blockbuster Bowl was a coalition bowl in 1992, but not in 1993 or 1994. The John Hancock Bowl, which had previously pitted the final Coalition team against an at-large opponent, inherited the Blockbuster's coalition pick, and pitted the final two Coalition teams against each other in 1993 and 1994
  • After the 1993 game, the John Hancock Bowl reverted to its original name of the Sun Bowl.

Appearances

Bowl Coalition appearances by team

AppearancesSchoolWLPct Games
3Florida State301.000Won 1993 Orange Bowl
Won 1994 Orange Bowl+
Won 1995 Sugar Bowl (January)
3Florida21.666Won 1992 Gator Bowl
Won 1994 Sugar Bowl
Lost 1995 Sugar Bowl (January)
3Notre Dame21.666Won 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic
Won 1994 Cotton Bowl Classic
Lost 1995 Fiesta Bowl
3Nebraska120.333Lost 1993 Orange Bowl
Lost 1994 Orange Bowl+
Won 1995 Orange Bowl+
3Miami (FL)03.000Lost 1993 Sugar Bowl+
Lost 1994 Fiesta Bowl
Lost 1995 Orange Bowl+
2Alabama201.000Won 1993 Sugar Bowl+
Won 1993 Gator Bowl
2Arizona11.500Lost 1992 John Hancock Bowl
Won 1994 Fiesta Bowl
2Colorado11.500Lost 1993 Fiesta Bowl
Won 1994 Fiesta Bowl
2North Carolina02.000Lost 1993 Gator Bowl
Lost 1994 Sun Bowl
2Texas A&M02.000Lost 1993 Cotton Bowl Classic
Lost 1994 Cotton Bowl Classic
2Texas Tech02.000Lost 1993 John Hancock Bowl
Lost1995 Cotton Bowl Classic
1Baylor101.000Won 1992 John Hancock Bowl
1Oklahoma101.000Won 1993 John Hancock Bowl
1Stanford101.000Won 1993 Blockbuster Bowl
1Syracuse101.000Won 1993 Fiesta Bowl
1Tennessee101.000Won 1994 Gator Bowl
1Texas101.000Won 1994 Sun Bowl
1USC101.000Won 1995 Cotton Bowl Classic
1N.C. State01.000Lost 1992 Gator Bowl
1Penn State01.000Lost 1993 Blockbuster Bowl
1Virginia Tech01.000Lost 1994 Gator Bowl
1West Virginia01.000Lost 1994 Sugar Bowl

+ Denotes Bowl Coalition National Championship Game

Bowl Coalition National Championship Game appearances by team

AppearancesSchoolWLPct Games
2Nebraska11.500 Lost 1994 Orange Bowl
Won 1995 Orange Bowl
2Miami (FL)02.000 Lost 1993 Sugar Bowl
Lost 1995 Orange Bowl
1Alabama101.000 Won 1993 Sugar Bowl
1Florida State101.000 Won 1994 Orange Bowl

Bowl Coalition appearances by conference

Conference Appearances W L Pct # Schools School(s)
SEC 6 5 1 .833 3 Florida (2–1)
Alabama (2–0)
Tennessee (1–0)
Big 8 6 3 3 .500 3 Nebraska (1–2)
Colorado (1–1)
Oklahoma (1–0)
ACC 6 3 3 .500 3 Florida State (3–0)
North Carolina (0–2)
NC State (0–1)
SWC 6 2 4 .333 4 Texas A&M (0–2)
Texas Tech (0–2)
Texas (1–0)
Baylor (1–0)
Big East 6 1 5 .167 4 Miami, FL (0–3)
Syracuse (1–0)
Virginia Tech (0–1)
West Virginia (0–1)
Pac-10 4 3 1 .750 3 Arizona (1–1)
USC (1–0)
Stanford (1–0)
Independent 4 2 2 .500 2 Notre Dame (2–1)
Penn State (0–1)

Bowl Coalition National Championship Game appearances by Conference

Conference Appearances W L Pct # Schools School(s)
Big 8 2 1 1 .500 1 Nebraska (1–1)
Big East 2 0 2 .000 1 Miami, FL (0–2)
SEC 1 1 0 1.000 1 Alabama (1–0)
ACC 1 1 0 1.000 1 Florida State (1–0)

References

  • "College Bowl Games". HickokSports.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2002. Retrieved September 20, 2005.
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