Brazil–Indonesia relations

Brazil–Indonesia relations refers to the bilateral relations of the Federative Republic of Brazil and the Republic of Indonesia. Both are large tropical countries endowed with rich natural resources, Brazil and Indonesia possess the largest tropical rain forest of the world[1] that contains the world's richest biodiversity, which gave them a vital role in global environment issues, such as ensuring tropical forests protection.[2] Both countries lead the list of Megadiverse countries with Indonesia second only to Brazil.[3]

Brazil–Indonesia relations

Brazil
Indonesia

Brazil expects to expand its cooperation with Indonesia, as there is still enormous room for growth in many areas, including agriculture and high-technology industry.[4] Both countries are members of World Trade Organization (WTO), Forum of East Asia-Latin America Cooperation and the G20 major economies. By first quarter of 21st-century, both nations are expected to emerge as rising global powers.[5]

History

Diplomatic relations have been established since 1953.[6] Indonesia has an embassy in Brasilia and Brazil has an embassy in Jakarta. Although the bilateral relations was rather strained during Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975 until East Timor independence in 1999, since Brazil shares a solidarity and close sentiments for East Timor as common former Portuguese colonies and Portuguese-speaking countries.

Country comparison
Country Brazil Indonesia
Area 8,515,767 square kilometres (3,287,956 sq mi) 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 sq mi)
Population 210,147,125 (2019) 261,115,456 (2016)
Pop. density 25 inhabitants per square kilometre (65/sq mi) 138 inhabitants per square kilometre (360/sq mi)
Capital Brasília Jakarta
Largest city São Paulo – 12,106,920 (21,571,000 Metro) Jakarta – 10,075,310 (30,214,303 Metro)
Government Federal presidential constitutional republic Unitary presidential constitutional republic
Language(s) Portuguese (official) Indonesian (official)
Religions 88.7% Christianity, 8.0% Irreligion, 2.0% Spiritism, 0.2% Umbanda 87.2% Islam, 9.9% Christianity, 1.7% Hinduism, 0.7% Buddhism, 0.2% Confucianism
Ethnic groups 47.7% White, 43.1% Pardo, 7.6% Black, 1.1% Asian, 0.6% Indigenous 42.6% Javanese, 15.4% Sundanese, 3.4% Malays, 3.3% Madurese, 3% Batak, 2.7% Minangkabau, 2.5% Betawi, 2.4% Bugis, etc.
GDP $2.056 trillion (nominal, 2017); $3.388 trillion (PPP, 2018) $1.074 trillion (nominal, 2018); $3.492 trillion (PPP, 2018)
GDP per capita $9,821 (nominal, 2017); $16,199 (PPP, 2018) $4,051 (nominal, 2018); $13,162 (PPP, 2018)
GDP growth rate 2.4% (2018) 5.1% (2017)
Main industries Textiles, apparels, chemicals, lumber Palm oil, coal, petroleum, textiles
Labor force 120 million (2017) 125 million (2016)
HDI 0.761 (High) 0.707 (High)

State visits

Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva visited Indonesia on 12 July 2008. This was his first visit to Indonesia and the second visit of Brazilian President to Indonesia since President Fernando Henrique Cardoso visits in January 2001. Subsequently, Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono paid a visit to Brazil on 18 November 2008, on his way to attend APEC Summit in Lima Peru. President Yudhoyono visited Brazil for the second time on 18 November 2009, during this visit the president of both nations signed strategic partnership agreement between Brazil and Indonesia. Previously on 14–16 October 2009 the first meeting of Brazil-Indonesia Joint Commission was conducted to discuss the action plan on strategic partnership.[6]

Economy and trade

Currently Brazil is Indonesia's main trade partner in South America region. Bilateral trade rose by 185.09 percent to $3.25 billion in 2010 from $1.14 billion in 2006,[4] and expected to reach beyond $4 billion by 2012. Indonesia mainly exports yarn, natural rubber, crude palm oil, fixed vegetable fats and oil, cocoa, paper, electronics and automotive spare parts and imports soybean oil, sugar cane, cotton and iron from Brazil. Brazil was interested not only in increasing exports and investing in Indonesia, but also to increase imports, such as fertilizers, textiles and palm oil and further Indonesian investment, including in infrastructure projects.

Current issues

Execution of Brazilian Citizens

On 17 January 2015, Brazil recalled their ambassador after Indonesia ignored their pleas for clemency and executed Brazilian citizen Marco Archer Cardoso Moreira.[7] The Brazilian president Dilma Rousseff affirmed that the execution will affect the relations between the two countries as the Brazilian ambassador was recalled to Brasília.[8] The condemned Brazilian was of the Catholic religion, and was refused access to a priest for his last rites.[9]

On Saturday, 21 February 2015, Indonesia recalled its putative ambassador to Brazil, after Brazil postponed a ceremony sealing his appointment.[10] This diplomatic row was the result of Indonesian execution of a Brazilian citizen for drugs trafficking in January 2015. President Dilma Rousseff said: "We think it's important there is an evolution in the situation so that we can have clarity over the state of relations between Indonesia and Brazil". Indonesian Foreign Ministry responded: "The manner in which the foreign minister of Brazil suddenly informed us of the postponement — when the ambassador designate was already at the palace, is unacceptable to Indonesia." In a by-line, Indonesian Foreign Ministry also stressed that no foreign country could interfere with Indonesian laws.[11] This action has led Indonesian House of Representative's call to evaluate Indonesia's cooperation with Brazil, including to review defense equipments purchase from Brazil's Embraer, and to review Brazilian exporters proposal to supply meat to Indonesia.[12]

On Wednesday April 29, 2015 Indonesian government executed a further Brazilian citizen who was a schizophrenic.[13] Neither countries' ambassadors have returned to date.

Notes
  1. "Tropical Rainforest". internetgeography.net. Internet Geography. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  2. Alister Doyle (Aug 24, 2012). "Oslo urges Brazil, Indonesia to keep forest protection". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  3. Biodiversity Theme Report
  4. Linda Yulisman (October 5, 2011). "Brazil hopes to forge closer links with Indonesia". www.thejakartapost.com. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  5. Awidya Santikajaya (February 7, 2013). "Emerging Indonesia and its global posture". www.thejakartapost.com. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  6. "Hubungan Bilateral Indonesia - Brazil" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Indonesia. Archived from the original on 1 March 2010. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  7. Chris Nusatya in Jakarta, Toby Sterling in Amsterdam, and Silvio Cascione in Brasilia; Writing by Randy Fabi; Editing by Paul Tait (17 January 2015). "Brazil, Netherlands recall Indonesia ambassadors after executions". Reuters. Retrieved 19 February 2015.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  8. "Dilma está 'indignada' com execução e chama embaixador ao Brasil". G1 (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 January 2015.
  9. Adam, Withnall (22 February 2015). "Catholic Brazilian man executed by firing squad in Indonesia 'dragged crying from cell and refused his last rites'". The Independent.
  10. "Indonesia recalls envoy to Brazil amid row over execution". Sydney Morning Herald. Reuters. 21 Feb 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  11. Reporting by Chris Nusatya; additional reporting by Stephen Eisenhammer in Rio de Janeiro and Tony Boadle in Brasilia,; writing by Michael Taylor, Editing by Angus MacSwan (21 February 2015). "Indonesia recalls envoy to Brazil amid row over execution". Reuters. Retrieved 22 February 2015.CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
  12. Bagus BT Saragih & Nani Afrida (21 February 2015). "Brazil's "overreaction" puts diplomatic ties at risk". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 22 February 2015.
  13. "Brazilian executed in Indonesia unaware what was happening until end". Reuters. Reuters. 29 April 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.
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