Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests

Concentrated in Iran, this ecoregion comprises a long strip. This is the coast along the Caspian Sea and the northern slopes of the Alborz Mountains. It covers parts of five provinces, from east to west: North Khorasan, Golestan (421,373 hectares (1,041,240 acres) being its south and southwest plus eastern regions of the Gorgan plain), Mazandaran, Gilan and Ardabil. The total wood production from these forests is estimated at 269,022 cubic metres (9,500,400 cu ft).

The Golestan National Park and Shastkolateh forest watershed are in Golestan, Mazandaran (where the Hyrcanian forest is estimated at 965,000 ha (3,730 sq mi). From these forests, 487,195 ha (1,881.07 sq mi) are used commercially, 184,000 ha (710 sq mi) are protected and the rest are regarded as forest lands or over-used forests. The total of the forest woods used in this province is estimated at 770,551 cubic metres (27,211,800 cu ft). The Kojoor, Dohezar and Sehezar forest watersheds are in Mazandaran province), Gilan province (these forests are graded from 1 to 3 with an area of 107,894 ha (416.58 sq mi); 182,758 ha (705.63 sq mi) and 211,972 ha (818.43 sq mi), respectively. The commercial utilization is 184,202 m³ (6,505,000 cu ft) and the non-commercial utilization is 126,173 m³ (4,455,800 cu ft). The Masooleh, Ghaleh Roodkhan and Astara forest watersheds are in Gilan province) and Ardabil Province. At higher elevations to the south, the ecoregion grades into the Elburz Range forest steppe.

Its rest is in southeast Azerbaijan. There the ecoregion equates to the Lankaran Lowland and the Talysh Mountains.

The ecoregion’s climate is, where lower, humid subtropical, at mid-altitude, oceanic, and in the mountains, humid continental. Summer is a humid but dry season. The Alborz mountain range is the highest mountain range in the Middle East which captures, by relief precipitation and dew point mists much of the evaporation of the southern Caspian Sea. Annual rainfall ranges from 900 mm (35 in) in the east to 1,600 mm (63 in) in the west, making the forests much lusher than the desert, semi-desert, and steppe ecoregions (land) which it borders.

Map of biotopes of Iran

  Forest steppe

  Forests and woodlands

  Semi-desert

  Desert lowlands

  Steppe

  Salted alluvial marshes

Broadleaf deciduous forest in Gīlān Province, Iran

The natural forest vegetation is temperate deciduous broadleaved forest. 32.7 percent of volume of Hyrcanian forest is of Oriental Beech (Fagus orientalis). A main feature of the region is the lack of conifers; only relics of coniferous species are present, which include European yew (Taxus baccata), Junipers (Juniperus spp.), Mediterranean Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens var. horzontalis) and Chinese Arborvitae (Platycladus orientalis).

The Caspian Sea coastal plains were once covered by Chestnut-leaved Oak (Quercus castaneifolia), European Box (Buxus sempervirens), Black Alder (Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata), Caucasian Alder (Alnus subcordata), Caspian Poplar (Populus caspica) and Caucasian Wingnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia), but these forests have been almost entirely converted to urban and agricultural land. (Mosadegh, 2000; Marvie Mohadjer, 2007)

The lower slopes of Talysh and Alborz Mountains below 700 metres (2,300 ft) harbor diverse humid forests containing Chestnut-leaved Oak, European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Persian Ironwood (Parrotia persica), Caucasian Zelkova (Zelkova carpinifolia), Persian Silk Tree (Albizia julibrissin), and Date-plum (Diospyros lotus) along with shrubs holly (Ilex hyrcana), Ruscus hyrcanus, Danaë racemosa and Atropa pallidiflora,[3] and lianas Smilax excelsa and Hedera pastuchovii[4] (Mosadegh, 2000; Marvie Mohadjer, 2007). Persian Ironwood is endemic to the Talysh Mountains and northern Iran and nearly pure stands of the tree can be particularly dramatic, with lichen-covered branches twisting together and only dead leaves in the deep shade of the forest floor. In addition, the ironwood's yellow leaves turn a faint lilac in the fall.[5]

At middle elevations between 700 and 1,500 m (2,297 and 4,921 ft), Oriental Beech is the dominant tree species in this cloudy zone in pure and mixed stands with other noble hardwoods such as Chestnut-leaved Oak, Caucasian Oak (Quercus macranthera), European Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), Oriental Hornbeam (C. orientalis) and Sweet Chestnut (Castanea sativa).[6] From its floristic composition, these beech forests are linked with European forests and with affinities to the beech forests of the Balkans. However, local conditions of aspect and edaphic factors, such as soil moisture and depth, are all of importance in determining the composition of the vegetation, which leads to the establishment of different beech subcommunities. (Mosadegh, 2000; Marvie Mohadjer, 2007)

Upper mountain and subalpine zones are characterized by Caucasian Oak, Oriental Hornbeam, shrublands and steppes. Alpine tundra and meadows occur at the highest elevations.

Other native tree species include Caspian Locust (Gleditsia caspica), Velvet Maple (Acer velutinum), Cappadocian Maple (Acer cappadocicum), European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior), Wych Elm (Ulmus glabra), Wild Cherry (Prunus avium), Wild Service Tree (Sorbus torminalis) and lime tree (Tilia platyphyllos).

The Caspian tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) until a time between the 1970s and its 2003 extinction roamed these mountains. Remaining large mammals here are the Caucasus leopard (Panthera pardus ciscaucasica), lynx (Lynx lynx), brown bear (Ursus arctos), wild boar (Sus scrofa), wolf (Canis lupus), golden jackal (Canis aureus), jungle cat (Felis chaus), badger (Meles meles), and otter (Lutra lutra).[4][7]

This ecoregion is the main green resting area for birds migrating between central-northern Russia and Africa so a key habitat for many bird species. Notable birds seen here are the greylag goose (Anser anser), white-fronted goose (Anser albifrons), Little bustard (Tetrax tetrax), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), red-breasted goose (Branta ruficollis), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), Dalmatian pelican (Pelecanus crispus), Western cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis), squacco heron (Ardeola ralloides), greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus roseus), white-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), and Caspian snowcock (Tetraogallus caspius).[4]

The diversity and endemism of the species make the Caspian Hyrcanian forests a priority and unique feature for species conservation.[8] Habitats are threatened by conversion into tea, vegetable, fruit, and vine plantations, unsustainable forestry and poaching.

Protected areas in Azerbaijan include:

• Absheron National Park[4]
• Gizil-Agach State Reserve – 88.4 square kilometres (34.1 sq mi)
• Hirkan National Park - 427.97 square kilometres (165.24 sq mi)
• Zuvand National Park - 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi)

Protected areas in Iran include:

• Golestan National Park
• Jahan Nama Protected Area
• Central Alborz Protected Area
• Lisar Protected Area
• Siah Keshim Protected Area
• Dodangeh Wildlife Refuge
• Neka Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge
• Selkeh Wildlife Refuge
• Dashtenaz Wildlife Refuge

• Geography of Iran
• Geography of Azerbaijan
• List of World Heritage Sites in Western Asia

• Coastal Profiles - I.R.Iran