Cayuse language

Cayuse
Native to	United States
Region	Oregon
Ethnicity	Cayuse
Extinct	1930s[1]
Language family	Unclassified
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xcy
Linguist List	xcy
Glottolog	cayu1241

The Cayuse language (Cailloux, Willetpoos) is an extinct unclassified language formerly spoken by the Cayuse Native American tribe in the U.S. state of Oregon. The Cayuse name for themselves was Liksiyu (see Aoki 1998).

Classification

Similarities to Molala, the language of people to the south of them in central Oregon, are thought to have been due to contact (Rigsby 1969: 71).[2]^:71

Edward Sapir had originally grouped Cayuse with Molala as part of a Waiilatpuan branch with the Plateau Penutian languages; the Waiilatpuan group had been originally proposed by Horatio Hale (1846), based on his 1841 field work with the Cayuse people at Waiilatpu Mission. However, Cayuse has little documentation, and that which is documented is inadequately recorded.

Pronouns

Cayuse pronouns listed by Horatio Hale (1846):[2]

I	iniŋ
you (sg.)	nikí
you (du.)	nkímiš
he	nip
we	námək
you (pl.)	mkímiš
they	nípik

Cayuse pronouns listed by McBean:[2]

I	in ning
you (sg., pl.)	in kai
he	neepe
we	nung naw naw
they	cap pick

Verbs

Cayuse verb paradigms documented by Henry W. Henshaw:[2]

'hungry'

I am hungry.	wi-tu-tŭnt
I was hungry.	kler-ka-wĭ-tu-tŭnt
I will be hungry.	wí-tu-näk-sŭnt
You and I are hungry.	swi-tu-ter-yìk
You and I were hungry.	swi-tu-te-lì-kai-ĭk
You and I will be hungry.	nĭng-i-li-pʔl-swi-tu-nak-stunk-a-wak
You are hungry.	tu-swi-tu-tuñg-a
You were hungry.	swi-tu-til-kutla
You will be hungry.	swi-tu-nak-stung-at-la

'thirsty'

I am thirsty.	nĭs-ka-mu-tiñg
I was thirsty.	nĭs-ka-mu-til
I will be thirsty.	nĭs-ka-mu-näk-skĭn
You are thirsty.	tu-mĭs-ka-mu-tĭñg
You were thirsty.	mĭs-ka-mu-til-hă
You will be thirsty.	mĭs-ka-mu-na-stĭnk-la

Vocabulary

In 1910 or 1911, Stephens Savage, a Molala speaker, had told Leo Frachtenberg that the following five words were identical in both Cayuse and Molala (considered by Rigsby (1969) to be loanwords).[2]

sorrel horse	qasqasi tasiwitkwi
spotted horse	yuꞏk tasiwitkwi
black horse	múkimuki tasiwitkwi
comb	taꞏsps
spoon	ƚúꞏpinc

Limited lexical items in Cayuse had also been collected by Bruce Rigsby, Melville Jacobs, Verne Ray, and Theodore Stern. Their Cayuse informants had highly limited knowledge of Cayuse and were more fluent in Sahaptin or Nez Perce.

Hale (1846)

A word list of Cayuse with nearby 200 lexical items was documented by Horatio Hale (1846: 570-629). The word list has been reproduced below.[3]

Nouns

gloss	Cayuse
man	yúant
woman	pintχlkaíu; watχlóa
boy	láutlaŋ
girl	staítχləŋ; staítlaŋ
infant; child	skútχla
father	pintét; títʃa
mother	penín; nínʃa
husband	ináiu
wife	inχlkaío
son	wái
daughter	wái
brother	pnákən; pənátaŋ
sister	pənátiaŋ; pənwaíəq
Indian; people	-
head	talʃ; táəlʃ
hair	tχlókomot
face	léequkʃ
forehead	penátχliʃ
ear	takʃ
eye	hăkaməʃ
nose	pitχlóken
mouth	səmqakʃ
tongue	puʃ
teeth	tenif
beard	ʃimkéməʃ
neck	yet
arm	tiélaq
hand	épip
fingers	épip
nails	ʃíŋiʃ
body	ʃilăməʃ
leg	maúwət
foot	tiʃ
toes	tiyəyáu
bone	pápət
heart	-
blood	tiwéə̈ʃ
town; village	-
chief	iatóiaŋ
warrior	lotéwa
friend	enlápoit
house	niʃt
kettle	tχlípaniʃ
bow	hífoit
arrow	lalχ
axe; hatchet	yeŋgókinʃ
knife	ʃekt
canoe; boat	tχláap
shoes	täítχlo
pipe	iptnχlónʃ
tobacco	hanʃ
sky; heaven	ndjălawaía, tíŋpap
sun	huéwiʃ
moon	hátχltóp
star	tχlítχliʃ
day	ewéiə̈
night	ftalp
light	notawásim
darkness	ʃilímtiŋk
morning	tétχlpəna
evening	wəχaía
spring	ʃuatoluŋátntiŋ; kiátim
summer	ʃqáätim
autumn	təŋ
winter	wit
wind	húntilχp
thunder	tiŋtululutéʃin
lightning	ʃniktawíŋtiŋ
rain	tiʃtkitχlmítiŋ
snow	pói
hail	puŋiós
fire	tetʃ
water	iʃkáiniʃ
ice	tók
earth; land	liŋʃ
sea	yamué-iʃkaíniʃ
river	luʃmi
lake	fuŋʃ
valley	paniákp
hill; mountain	téit
island	liŋtkaíli
stone	ápit
salt	kamtiʃímpen
iron	qauqauítχliínik
tree	laúik
wood	hútiʃ
leaf	qaisós
bark	pétimi
grass	tχleft; qə́ïʃt
pine	laúikʃ
flesh; meat	pítχli
dog	náapaŋ
buffalo	-
bear	liméakʃ; nokoláo
wolf	tχlaíu; tsóilaχs
deer	aitχléwa
elk	yútiŋʃ
beaver	pīeká
tortoise	atsík
fly	tqaínʃiʃ; katχlísaŋ
mosquito	píŋkii
snake	waíimaʃ
bird	tianíyiwa
egg	lópitχl
feathers	tiaqaímutχl
wings	haŋ
duck	əʃimtχl
pigeon	súuku
fish	wiaíiʃ
salmon	milóqli
sturgeon	-
name	peʃp
affection	atíŋp; tiʃktaʃewetáuŋko

Adjectives

gloss	Cayuse
white	tχlaktχláko
black	ʃkupʃkúpu
red	lakaítlakaítu
blue	yotsyóts
yellow	qəʃqə́ʃu
green	yotsyóts
great	yaúmua; yiyímu (pl.)
small	etsáŋua
strong	ntáloa; naantáloa
old	kuiátsu
young	itsáŋu
good	suaíu; sasuáiu (pl.)
bad	luastu; laluástu (pl.)
handsome	hapútsu; suaíu
ugly	huástu
alive	wióko
dead	úwaa
cold	ʃúŋa
warm	lokóia

Pronouns

gloss	Cayuse
I	íniŋ
thou	nikí
he	nip
we	námək
ye	mkímiʃ; nkímiʃ (dual)
they	nípik
this	qe, qă, ke
that	qá, ká
all	naŋináo
many (much)	yíphea
who	iʃ

Adverbs and others

gloss	Cayuse
near	piáfi
today	páməŋ
yesterday	iétin
tomorrow	tetχlp
yes	i
no	téehu

Numerals

gloss	Cayuse
one	na
two	lépli
three	mátnin
four	pípiŋ
five	táwit
six	nōiná
seven	nóilip
eight	nōimát
nine	tanáuiaiʃímʃim
ten	niŋítelp
eleven	nántetχle
twelve	leplin-ntétχle
twenty	lépuik
thirty	mátuík
one hundred	niŋítalpuík
one thousand	-

Verbs

gloss	Cayuse
to eat	pitáŋa
to drink	pasqunstáŋa
to run	pqíntuql
to dance	iókseak
to sing	tuŋséaql
to sleep	ʃpíʃiŋql
to speak	úlipkin
to see	miskaléntənt
to love	ktáʃo
to kill	piaíitχltiŋ
to sit	ifníql; ifníkta
to stand	laútsiŋ
to go	wintúkstaŋa; wintúql (imp.)
to come	wintúkum

References

Cayuse at MultiTree on the Linguist List
Rigsby, Bruce. 1969. The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 3. 68-146.
Hale, Horatio (1846). Ethnography and Philology. Philadelphia: C. Sherman. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.

Aoki, Haruo. (1998). A Cayuse Dictionary based on the 1829 records of Samuel Black, the 1888 records of Henry W. Henshaw and others, Manuscript. The Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation.
Rigsby, Bruce. (1965). Linguistic Relations in the Southern Plateau, PhD dissertation, University of Oregon.

External links

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[linglist-1] Cayuse at MultiTree on the Linguist List

[Rigsby-Waiilatpuan-2] Rigsby, Bruce. 1969. The Waiilatpuan Problem: More on Cayuse-Molala Relatability. Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 3. 68-146.

[3] Hale, Horatio (1846). Ethnography and Philology. Philadelphia: C. Sherman. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.