Charles Hoskins

Charles Henry Hoskins (1851-1926) was an Australian industrialist, who was significant in the development of the iron and steel industry in Australia.

Charles Henry Hoskins
Born(1851-03-26)26 March 1851
London, England
Died14 February 1926(1926-02-14) (aged 74)
Elizabeth Bay, N.S.W.
NationalityEnglish-born Australian
OccupationIndustrialist
Known forPioneer of modern iron and steel industry in Australia
Spouse(s)Emily Willis
Children8

Early life

Charles Hoskins was born on 26 March 1851 in the City of London, to John Hoskins, gunsmith, and his wife Wilmot Eliza, née Thompson. He emigrated with his family to Melbourne as a small child in 1853, and all his education occurred in Melbourne.

After his father's death, the family moved to Smythesdale, near Ballarat. Hoskins began work as a mail boy, tried his luck on the goldfields, and worked as an assistant an ironmongery store in Bendigo.[1]

Sydney
The exhibit of G & C Hoskins at the Agricultural Society Show of 1904.[2]

Charles Hoskins joined his elder brother George (1847-1926) in Sydney in 1876, operating a small engineering workshop at Hay Street, Ultimo. Around 1889, they moved to larger premises in Wattle Street, Ultimo and established a foundry, pipe-works and boiler shop.[1] This plant was expanded in 1902.[3] It was pipe manufacturing that would lead to their success.

Innovation and success

Soon after moving to their larger premises, G & C Hoskins began to win major contracts for pipes.

A breakthrough came when they began to win contracts for the Sydney water supply mains. This was to provide a steady flow of work through their factory for a number of years.[4][5] In 1911, G & C Hoskins opened a second facility at Rhodes, to manufacture cast-iron pipes.[6]

The Hoskins Brothers were not only efficient; they were also innovative, patenting a number of their ideas for improving pipes and their manufacturing processes.[7][8][9]

Free trade and industry protection

The issue of protection against imports was the principal political division of late 19th-century Australia. In New South Wales, almost alone of the Australian colonies, there was widespread support for free trade. A growing force was the Labor Party; it somewhat favoured protection, as a means to maintain relatively high wages, but also advocated nationalisation of major industries, complicating its position.

Politically, Hoskins was for Federation, free trade between the Australian colonies, and uniform tariff protection against imports from other countries.[10][11] The Chamber of Manufacturers of New South Wales had been established in 1885—Hoskins was an early and prominent member[11]—with its primary supporters focusing on lobbying for protection, in direct opposition to the "Free Traders" led by Sir Henry Parkes and later George Reid. This oppositional approach made little progress, with Free Trade governments holding power in New South Wales, except between 1891 and 1895. In 1895, Charles Hoskins was the first President of a reconstituted Chamber of Manufacturers that aimed to advance industry without partisan political lobbying,[12][13] an approach that it has followed since that time.

Free Traders were not opposed to a local iron and steel industry; their view was that it could come about, without a protective tariff. The N.S.W. Government had offered a large contract for locally made steel rails. A leading Free Trade businessman and politician, Joseph Mitchell won the contract, in 1897, but died before he could build his planned large iron and steel works near Wallerawang. G & C Hoskins also tendered, unsuccessfully.[14] It was an early sign of an interest in entering the iron and steel industry. However, in 1899, when William Sandford attempted to interest Charles Hoskins in buying the Eskbank works at Lithgow, the offer was declined.[1]

Charles Hoskins was a Protectionist but also—through lack of other options—a major user of imported iron and steel. After his friend and fellow protectionist, William Sandford, commenced production of pig iron at Lithgow, in May 1907, G & C Hoskins became one of Sandford's major customers.

Interstate expansion
First pipe manufactured by G & C Hoskins in Western Australia for the Coolgardie Water Supply Scheme. The man standing in front of the pipe on the left is Charles Hoskins. (Photographer William D. Dawson).[15]

In the 1890s, G & C Hoskins opened a branch in Melbourne to make steel pipes.[1]

In 1898, after negotiations, G & C Hoskins and the Melbourne firm Mephan Ferguson shared the contract to manufacture and lay 60,000 lengths of pipe over the 350 miles (563 km) from Perth to Coolgardie, for the water-supply scheme designed by C. Y. O'Connor.[1][15][16] This allowed the Hoskins' firm to further increase its technical capabilities in pipe manufacturing, as a result of the collaboration with the leading Melbourne firm and the purchase of their patent rights for New South Wales.[17] Hoskins' share of the contract was worth around £500,000.[16][18]

The contract for the pipeline in Western Australia stipulated that the pipes were to be manufactured in that state, and that all would be to Mephan Ferguson's design using an ingenious 'rivetless' locking bar. The steel for the pipes for the Coolgardie Water Scheme was imported but the Hoskins' share of the pipes were fabricated at a factory that the Hoskins established at Midland Junction, which was reported to employ 200 workers.[1][15][6] Ferguson made his share of the pipes at another factory in Perth, reported at the time as 'Falkirk',[16] now Maylands.

After completion of the pipeline to the Goldfields, the Hoskins established a works, on a block lying between Wellington and Murray Streets in Perth, and won other work associated with the reticulation of water in Western Australia.[19]

In November 1923, the company opened a steel pipe plant at South Brisbane.[20]

Lithgow

Taking over from William Sandford
Main article: William Sandford § Failure of William Sandford Limited

In December 1907, there was a crisis when the Commercial Banking Company of Sydney took over the assets of William Sandford Limited, owners of the Eskbank Ironworks at Lithgow, including its nearly new modern blast furnace. It was Charles Hoskins, one of William Sandford's closest friends, one of his largest customers, one of the few outside shareholders of William Sandford Limited, and a fellow protectionist, who stepped in to acquire the assets and keep the works operating.

Charles Hoskins relocated to Lithgow, to manage the works, leaving his brother George to manage the growing pipe manufacturing operations.

Ironworks, Lithgow; this part of the plant lay west from the site of the blast furnace. (Taken between 1900 and 1927, State Library of N.S.W.)

G & C Hoskins became the owners of the blast furnace, a colliery, coke ovens, steelmaking furnaces, rolling mills, an iron ore mine at Coombing Park near Carcoar, an iron ore lease near Cadia, and 400 acres of freehold land at Lithgow, as well as Sandford's house on his 2000-acre estate, 'Eskroy Park', near Bowenfels.[1]

As for the management team, Sandford, his two sons, and their reliable and competent General Manager, William Thornley, were lost to the Hoskins, but most of the line management came over, which was crucial to the Hoskins' subsequent success.

William Sandford Limited had been a large enterprise employing over 700 workers. Although notionally a public company, it had been run more like the private company of the Sandford family, who held nearly all the company's shares. Sandford had managed the company in an idiosyncratic manner. Sandford has employed his workers under contracts, with different wage rates in different parts of the works.

Upon taking over, the businesslike Hoskins found the account books in a mess. The costs of production were difficult to identify and understand but turned out to be higher than expected. The Lithgow works had been making a loss, which became clear within a year after the take over.[21]

Industrial strife and disputes

Charles Hoskins' views on industrial relations were very different to those of William Sandford. Hoskins had a more belligerent personality, not given to compromise. He was also under pressure to turn around a failing enterprise.[22][21]

As Hoskins prepared to take over the works from Sandford, he made a generous gift to workers facing a bleak Christmas of 1907, following the shutdown of the works.[23] Any initial goodwill did not last, when Hoskins attempted to move from contract arrangements to day labour wages, in 1908, and to lower the overall wage paid to his workers. He closed the works for five weeks in July 1908, ostensibly to carry out repairs,[21] but later was found guilty of deliberately engineering a lock out and fined.[1]

Matters came to a climax at the end of August 1911, when during a bitter and sometimes violent company-wide strike—following Hoskins use of strikebreaking 'scab' labour in his coal mine to keep the works operating—Hoskins and his sons, Henry and Cecil, were besieged by rock-throwing workers and his motor car was destroyed by the rioters. The blast furnace was shutdown briefly.[24][25][26][22]

Perhaps as a result of the strain he was under, earlier in August 1911, Charles Hoskins had made some ungracious public remarks—about the previous owner, William Sandford, and his management of the Lithgow plant—resulting in a bitter public dispute between the two old friends.[27][28][29][30] By then, both men felt that they had been deceived by the other; Sandford believed that Hoskins had connived in his downfall and besmirched his reputation and Hoskins believed that Sandford had not disclosed that the Lithgow works has been losing money.[21] The two men also had very different views of their workforce; Hoskins had little of Sandford's paternalistic concern for his workers and was more concerned about profits.

The strike continued for another nine months—an uneasy industrial peace resulted from a compromise outcome in April 1912—but Hoskins did achieve a wage cut.[1][22]

Lithgow and its coal and ore mines were never to be harmonious workplaces, once Hoskins took over; there were numerous disputes and strikes, right to the end. The same was true of the G & C Hoskins plants in Sydney.[31][32]

Hoskins also took a hard line in commercial relationships. When ore mining ceased in May 1923 at Coombing Park, near Carcoar, the cause was not that the ore was exhausted but because Hoskins would not agree to renew the lease on similar terms to the original agreement.[33]

Blast Furnaces at Lithgow. Because there are two furnaces shown, this photograph was taken, between 1913 and 1928, during the period that the Hoskins owned the plant.

Initial expansion and protection

As part of the rescue deal, C & C Hoskins took over Sandford's contract to supply the iron and steel needs of the New South Wales Government, extending its term to nine years from 1 January 1908.[34] Unfortunately for the new owners, apart from the new blast furnace, much of the rest of the plant was antiquated and not ready to supply the Government with its needs, particularly steel rails.

The long-sought protection of the iron and steel industry was finally introduced, from the first day of 1909, by Andrew Fisher's Labor government, in the form of bounties to be paid under the Manufacturers' Encouragement Act,[35] which made it a condition that those benefitting from bounties would pay "fair and reasonable wages".[36] The government paid a bonus of 12s per ton from 1908 to 1914 and 8s per ton thereafter, until 1917, after which the industry would receive no further payments.[37]

The Lithgow plant was in urgent need of expansion; the Hoskins brothers had the financial means to do so and experience of operating a heavy industrial enterprise. The new management immediately closed down marginal operations such as the sheet mill and galvanising plant[34]—although these were to be reopened later[38]—and began to renovate and rearrange the existing operations.[39]

Teeming steel into ingot moulds, c.1914.

Hoskins imported a new rolling mill for rolling heavy sections such as rails.[34] New reheating furnaces were built to suit rail rolling.[40] It would take until 1911 for Lithgow to deliver the first steel rails made in Australia.[41][42] The works later won a contract to supply rails for the new Trans-Australian Railway.[1][43]

Sandford's plans for Lithgow had provision for up to four blast furnaces.[44] G & C Hoskins quickly built a second blast furnace—with its parts made at Hoskins' own works at Lithgow and Ultimo—which was almost identical to Sandford's, but slightly larger. This new furnace opened in 1913. The company had modernised and upgraded the mine at Carcoar,[45] by mid 1909, and opened a second iron ore mine at Tallawang in 1911.[46] By 1914, the Lithgow plant had been transformed into a viable iron and steel making operation.[47][48]

First World War
27-inch Mill rolling rails at Lithgow c.1914. A hot ingot of steel is being rolled into a billet in the roughing mill stand on the right.The man on the left is manipulating a rail that has been rolled in the finishing stand.[47]

Australia entered the First World War with a small but economically viable iron and steel industry at Lithgow,[47][48] a fortuitous circumstance because the country could no longer rely upon imports from Europe or America, for the duration of the war. Much of the credit for this belonged to Charles Hoskins.

During the war, the Lithgow plant was put to use making special grades of steel unobtainable from Europe. In 1916, it made ferromanganese needed for armaments, using manganese ore from a mine near Grenfell.[49] It supplied the nearby Lithgow Small Arms Factory with steel for weapon manufacture.[1] Charles Hoskins became personally involved in solving problems of wartime production.[50] While the war was in progress, he was building a new branch railway line and an aerial ropeway to open up a new iron ore quarry at Cadia.[51][52]

However, by the time of the war, difficulties associated with the location of his plant at Lithgow had already become apparent to Hoskins, leading him to reconsider its long term future. Consequently, the further expansion of the Lithgow plant effectively ceased by the end of the war. Hoskins had offered to sell the plant to the N.S.W. Government in early 1914[47] but his offer was not taken up.

Difficulties, vision for the future, and sole control
Iron ore quarry at Coombing Park, Carcoar c.1923.

Iron ore
Cadia iron ore quarry c.1923. The quarry is on the hill and the aerial ropeway is visible to the front and left of centre.

The original decision to site an ironworks at Lithgow in 1875, was based upon the existence of coal and a relatively small iron ore deposit there. After blast furnace operation recommenced at Lithgow in 1907, ore had to be brought from further away, from Coombing Park—near Carcoar—(up to May 1923),[33] Tallawang (from 1911 to Feb. 1927)[46][53] and Cadia (from 1918).[54]

The ore from Carcoar was high in manganese and needed to be blended with other ore for some grades. The Tallawang ore was largely magnetite but the grade was only around 42% iron and the deposit relatively small.[55][56] The ore from Cadia was hematite with some magnetite but averaging only around 51% iron with a high silica content;[57] the silica content resulted in relatively large amounts of slag, when the ore was smelted, and increased the consumption of limestone flux.

New South Wales, although it possessed some widely dispersed smaller deposits of iron ore, was not well-endowed with large deposits.[58] With two blast furnaces in operation at Lithgow, after 1913, not only did Hoskins need to rail his complex iron ores a considerable distance but his ore deposits had a limited life.[58][59] This last aspect became more critical, once it was discovered that the ore deposit at Cadia—to which Lithgow's future was to be inextricably tied—contained a far lesser quantity of good-quality ore than had been estimated by the Government's geological surveyor. [60][58][61][55]

G. & C. Hoskins explored and—in some cases—took out leases on other deposits of iron ore in New South Wales; one was close to the eastern side of the Main Southern Railway between Breadalbane and Cullerin—mined sporadically from 1918, with the ore smelted at Lithgow[62][63][64][65]—and others were near Crookwell ,[66] Michelago,[67] Cumnock,[68] Picton,[69][70] Cudgegong near Mudgee,[71] and even as far from Lithgow as Tabulam.[72]

Through Charles Hoskins' commercial intransigence—his unwillingness to renew the lease on the existing terms and conditions—the company lost access to its deposit at Carcoar in 1923, after extracting only about a third of its ore.[73][33]

Transport

Lithgow was totally dependent upon rail transport.[74] Until 1921, the railway west of Lithgow toward the ore mines was single track. Limestone, for use as smelting flux, needed to be carried from Ben Bullen[75] and Havilah,[76] and later from Excelsior near Cullen Bullen.[77] The cost of rail freight and sensitivity to increases in freight rates were unavoidable disadvantages of Lithgow's inland site and its distance from the ore and limestone quarries.[78]

Until 1910, rail traffic from Lithgow to the coast and Sydney was constrained by the Lithgow Zig Zag. Even after the Zig Zag was replaced by the Ten Tunnels Deviation and the line duplicated—including the Glenbrook Deviation (1913)—the distance from the coast and the gradients of the Western railway remained an issue. Although Hoskins sought new sources of ore in other states,[79][80] it would never be feasible to bring iron ore from a coastal port to Lithgow; in the longer term, the blast furnaces could not remain in operation at Lithgow.

Competition and product quality

With BHP's rival steelmaking operation imminent, the N.S.W. Government ended Hoskins' exclusive contract for supply of iron and steel in 1913, and he claimed £150,000 in compensation.[81] For a time, there was active consideration of the government purchasing the works.[82][47] However, initially, Lithgow was not badly affected by competition, due to buoyant demand for steel during the First World War and the government bonuses paid until 1917. That began to change once the war ended. The newer and larger BHP works at Newcastle could produce larger quantities of rolled steel products of a higher quality, at a lower cost of production. Newcastle's seaport location brought access to virtually inexhaustible amounts of very high-grade iron ore from Iron Knob;[83][84] it allowed BHP to ship its products to Sydney and to interstate markets by sea, at lower cost than Lithgow could by rail.[78] By the early 1920s, Newcastle had three blast furnaces, each of which was capable of making 50% more pig iron than both of Hoskins' Lithgow blast-furnaces combined.[85] BHP also had vast cash flows from its Broken Hill silver-lead mines and smelters, with which to fund expansion of its steelworks. Hoskins' family-owned enterprises could not match BHP's ability to fund capital works.

BHP had access to more modern American technology and employed more professionals. Consequently, the quality of their steel was higher than Hoskins could make at Lithgow; in 2006 it was stated that, "rail produced before 1914 and all Hoskins rail are generally regarded as being of dubious metallurgical composition".[86]

Labour

Lithgow always had relatively higher labour costs—a legacy of the industrial relations arrangements of William Sandford—and a relatively strong culture of unionism. Under competitive conditions, labour costs, poor labour relations, and strikes affected the long-term viability of the Lithgow plant. Wage rates at coastal locations were lower and unions perceived as less troublesome there.

Vision for the future and sole control

Charles Hoskins began to see that his works at Lithgow had inherent problems that could not be resolved—even more so, after BHP's Newcastle works became a formidable competitor, from 1915 onward.[78] He began to form a vision for a larger, more modern steelworks on the coast.

In 1919, Charles Hoskins bought out his older brother George's share of the company G & C Hoskins, renaming the company Hoskins Iron and Steel Limited in July 1920.[1] George retired, leaving Charles—by then in his late sixties—in sole charge of the destiny of the company.

Plans for Port Kembla

Port Kembla was selected, by the New South Wales Government at the end of 1898 as main port for area[87] and in 1901 construction commenced on two breakwaters to protect two existing coal jetties at the site and to enclose an area of seabed that became the Outer Harbour.[88] In 1908, it first became the site of heavy industry when the Electrolytic Refining and Smelting Company's plant was opened.

The first association of Charles Hoskins with Port Kembla was in 1911, when there was talk of an ironworks at Port Kembla to process Tasmanian iron ore.[89] In 1912, BHP planned to set up a large steelworks at Newcastle to exploit its vast South Australian iron ore deposits.[90] Port Kembla was a site that BHP had considered before deciding upon Newcastle.[91] That left the stage clear for Hoskins to take advantage of Port Kembla's seaport location, amidst the Southern Coalfields renown for their excellent hard coking coal.

Charles Hoskins' first step was when G & C Hoskins purchased the Wongawilli colliery at Dapto, in 1916, and established a cokeworks there.[92][93] Hoskins had secured a source of coal and coke, close to a seaport at which iron ore could be unloaded. At first, the high-quality coke would be railed to Lithgow. However, he soon had more coke making capacity than he needed. Hoskins' approach to industrial relations was no different at Wongawilli and there were numerous strikes there.[94][95][96]

In late 1920, the company acquired 380 acres of the Wentworth Estate, at Port Kembla, as the site for a steelworks.[97] Also in 1920, Hoskins secured leases over an ore deposit near Mt Heemskirk in Tasmania, and apparently planned to ship the ore via rail to the port of Strahan.[79] At an official event in Wollongong in April 1921, Hoskins spoke openly about his plans for a steelworks on the land that he had purchased at Port Kembla but also about what he wanted from the N.S.W. Government first, a lease for a private wharf at the harbour and a new railway line connecting Port Kembla to the Main Southern line.[98]

In July 1923, he announced that a new integrated steelworks would be built at Port Kembla, without at this stage mentioning closing Lithgow; it was stated that Port Kembla was intended for the ‘interstate trade'.[99] Later in 1923, the government announced the building of a rail line to Moss Vale,[100] which would allow limestone flux to be carried from Marulan. The company gained the lease for a private wharf at Port Kembla that would be completed in 1928.[101]

Charles Hoskins retired as managing director in 1924,[18] leaving the question of the future of the Lithgow works open.[102] The construction of the new plant at Port Kembla would be for his successor as Chairman, his son Cecil Hoskins. His other son A. Sidney Hoskins would take charge of the Lithgow Steelworks. Together the two sons were co-Managing Directors of the company, which after their father's death would gradually transfer operations from the old works to the new.

Family, homes, and personal life

Although his father had died when he was young, Charles Hoskins was never an orphan, as his obituary would incorrectly state;[18] his mother, Wilmot Eliza Hoskins, lived until 1896.[103] He also had an uncle, William Hoskins, in Australia, as well as two brothers, George John Hoskins (1847-1926)—his business partner—and Thomas, and at least one sister.[103]

Charles married Emily Wallis (1861-1928) on 22 December 1881.[104] They raised eight children; sons Henry Guildford (1887-1916), Cecil Harold (Sir Cecil 1889-1971), Arthur Sidney, known as Sid, (1892-1959),[105] and daughters, Florence Maud, later Mrs. F.A. Crago[106] (1882-1973),[107] Wilmot Elsie, later Mrs F.A. Weisener[108] (1884-1964),[109] Hilda Beatrice (1893-1912[110]), Nellie Constance[111] (1894-1914), and Kathleen Gertrude, later Mrs E.C. Mackey (1900-1950).[112][105] Another daughter, Emily (b.1886), died soon after birth.[105]

'Illyria', the Hoskins' family home at Strathfield until 1908.

The family moved often; their choices of housing in Sydney reflected the family's rapidly increasing prosperity. During the 1880s, they lived first at 'Exeter Terrace' on Crystal Street, Petersham,[113] then on Macauley Street, Leichhardt.,[109] then at 'Auburn Vale', Granville,[114] and later at 'Waverley' on Croyden Street, Petersham.[115] In the 1890s, they lived first at 'Koorinda' on Albert Street, Strathfield [116] and later at 'Illyria', on The Boulevard, Strathfield.[117]

Hoskins built 'Illyria' in the early 1890s. With his typical thrift and practicality, the stone facade of this grand building was obtained from the City Bank building in Pitt Street—built in 1873—which had been gutted by a fire in October 1890. The stonework was dismantled and transported in sections to its new site and re-erected in the same orientation as the original bank building, becoming the facade of a more conventional Italianate mansion.[118][119]

It was at 'Illyria' that Charles was able to indulge his passion for motor cars, buying the second Ford car imported to Australia, in 1904, and a succession of other cars, including a 1908 Clement-Talbot. The garage suite, at the rear of the house, was probably built during Hoskins' time to house his vehicles, making it one of the earliest private garages in Sydney.[120]

In 1907, his eldest daughter, Florence, and her new husband were living at 'Mevaina', on Appian Way, Burwood,[106] in an exclusive 'garden city' influenced residential precinct—known as the 'Hoskins Estate'—founded in 1903 by Charles Hoskins' brother, George,[121][122][123] who lived at nearby 'St Cloud'.[124]

After the takeover of the Lithgow works, in early 1908, Charles and his family moved from Strathfield to Marrangaroo, west of Bowenfels and Lithgow, living in William Sandford's former home, 'Eskroy Park', which was situated on 2000 acres of land. They also spent time at Lawson in the Blue Mountains, having an association with the area that went back well before their move to Lithgow.[125] Later, they were to make their home in the area and contribute to the beautification of its parks and gardens.

Charles and Emily lost three of their children, within the space of four years. In 1912, his daughter Hilda drove her car onto the level crossing at 'Eskroy Park' where it was struck by a locomotive. Although she was taken to the house, she died without regaining consciousness.[126][127][110] In 1914, his daughter Nellie, who was stricken with tuberculosis, died at Lawson, before the family's new home nearby—built with her recovery in mind—could be completed.[128] Their eldest son, Henry Guildford Hoskins was fatally injured in an acetylene gas explosion, in 1916, while repairing a gas generator, at 'Eskroy Park'. Although moved to a hospital in Sydney, he died.[129][130] He was 28 when he died[131] and already a significant figure in the company.[26]

'Cadia Park' at Bullaburra, the home of Charles Hoskins from 1914 to 1922. (Unknown photographer, taken c.1927.)[132]

The family's home 'Cadia Park', on five acres of land, at Bullaburra, lay close to the boundary of that mountain settlement with Lawson and was completed in 1914. It had eight bedrooms, billiard-room, drawing and dining rooms, three bathrooms, entrance hall, maids' dining room and larder, and kitchen. Separate out-buildings include stables, a garage accommodating six cars, and laundry. The house was sighted so as to have magnificent views over the adjacent valley. Outdoors, 'Cadia Park' had grassed tennis courts, shrubberies, two large swimming baths, one for adults and one for children, and extensive gardens.[133][134] Hoskins also leased some crown land nearby for use as a private zoo to which he allowed public admission.[135][136] The Hoskins made 'Cadia Park' their home, until 1922. Charles sold the property in 1923, with the land-holding totalling 42 acres.[137]

Charles Hoskins moved, in 1922, to what would be his last home, Ashton in Elizabeth Bay.

Later life and death

After he stepped down as Managing Director of Hoskins Iron and Steel, in 1924.[18] Charles Hoskins had only a short retirement; he was in poor health during that time.[138] He died at his home on 14 February 1926,[18][111] not living to see the fulfillment of his plans for Port Kembla.

He was survived by his wife, Emily, two sons, three daughters and twenty-two grandchildren.[18] His fortune of well in excess of £1,000,000 had been distributed among this large family before he died, and he left a relatively small personal legacy of £12,018. Charles Hoskins' immense fortune had been made in his own lifetime, starting from nothing, aged thirteen. He had been very much a self-made man.[18][111][139]

His widow Emily died in November 1928,[140] having lived just long enough to light the new blast furnace at Port Kembla in August of the same year.[141]

Charles Hoskins' grave lies in the Congregational section of the Rookwood Cemetery; nearby are the graves of his wife and his children, Florence, Hilda, Nellie and Henry.[142]

Legacy
Hoskins Kembla Works in 1936 just after the merger with BHP. Left: open-hearth steelmaking plant and to its right the Administration Building. Centre: rolling mills. Right-rear: blast furnace.

The most lasting legacy of Charles Hoskins is the large steelworks at Port Kembla. Although he did not live to see it, his vision and foresight had led to its creation.[143] For many decades, this plant was known as 'Hoskins Kembla Works'; now, no longer known by that name, it is still the site of most of Australia's steel production.[144]

Between 1928 and early 1932, some parts of the old Lithgow works were re-erected at Port Kembla but other parts, including the two Lithgow blast furnaces, made the journey to Port Kembla only as scrap iron to be fed into the furnaces of the younger plant. In December 1931, the last steel was rolled at Lithgow. Only very little remains of the Lithgow works today, in what is now the Blast Furnace Park.[145]

Hoskins Iron and Steel Limited become a part of Australian Iron and Steel Limited, a new company—also part owned by Dorman Long, Howard Smith Limited, Baldwins and preference shareholders—that was set up in March 1928 to build and operate the new plant at Port Kembla and its associated iron ore, limestone and coal mines.[143] In 1935, a victim of the Great Depression, this company became, via an exchange of ordinary shares, a subsidiary of BHP.[146] Charles Hoskins' sons Cecil and Sidney Hoskins remained managers at Port Kembla and were major shareholders of BHP.[144] Under BHP ownership, the plant was greatly expanded,[147] and outlived the Newcastle works. Following the demerger of BHP's steel interests from the rest of the company, it is now owned by Bluescope Steel.

The Hoskins Memorial Presbyterian Church in Lithgow was intended as a memorial to his son Henry Guidford Hoskins and also to commemorate his daughters Hilda and Nellie[148] but it also commemorates Charles, his wife Emily, and two of his grandsons, all of whom died before its opening.,[149] Standing on an opposite corner of the intersection of Mort and Bridge Streets from the church, the Charles Hoskins Memorial Institute building—opened in 1927—is now a campus of the Western Sydney University.[150][151][152]

Ruins at blast furnace site, Lithgow.

Charles Hoskins had initiated the Hoskins Trust, in 1919, for charitable purposes, endowing a fund to support the Hoskins Memorial Church. Since 2006, this trust has awarded an annual scholarship, the Hoskins Lithgow Scholarship, for a Lithgow resident to study at a university or other tertiary education institution.[153]

Although Hoskins and his family endowed Lithgow with fine buildings, their longer-term legacy there is mixed. The stark and desolate ruin of the blast furnace's blower house stands as a reminder that the closure of the town's main industry—at the height of the Great Depression—and the exodus of skilled managers and workers to Port Kembla—with their families, about 5000 people[154]—was a blow from which the future prospects of the town never recovered fully.[155][156] In 1929, Lithgow had the fourth largest population in New South Wales—after Sydney, Newcastle, and Broken Hill[157]—but by 2016, it was 36th; Lithgow's population fell from around 18,000, in 1929,[157] to only 11,530 in 2016.

A former garden at Lawson, 'Hilda Gardens', was funded by Hoskins and dedicated to the memory of his daughter, Hilda. Sadly, this garden has been subsumed by the growth of the Lawson Bowling Club and no trace of it remains.[158][159]

The mansion that Hoskins built in the early 1890s, 'Illyria' at Strathfield, was renamed 'Holyrood' by its next owner—William James Adams, a nephew and an heir of George Adams—and survives to this day. It is heritage listed[118] and better known now as part of Santa Sabina College.[120] Charles's home near Lithgow, 'Eskroy Park'—earlier the home of William Sandford— is now part of the clubhouse of the Lithgow Golf Club.[160][161]

Hoskins' house, 'Cadia Park', on the Great Western Highway, Bullaburra, was too large to be a practical family residence. It was sold several times in the 1920s,[162][134][133] before becoming a convent in 1930.[163] It was still a convent when the old building was destroyed by the massive bushfire of December 1977;[164] it was never rebuilt, leaving only an ornamental rotunda made of iron ore, a brick boundary fence, and the overgrown garden beds, pathways and terraces of Hoskins' extensive gardens.[135][165]

Biographies

Charles Henry Hoskins is the subject of two biographical works, The Ironmaster, written by his grandson Don Hoskins (published 1995)[166][167] and The Hoskins Saga, written by his son Sir Cecil Hoskins (published 1969).[168] He also has an entry in the Australian Dictionary of Biography.[1]

See also

References
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