Constitution of Somalia

In 1969, following the assassination of Somalia's second president, Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, the military staged a coup on October 21 (the day after Shermarke's funeral), and took over office. The Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) that assumed power was led by Major General Siad Barre. Barre shortly afterwards became the head of the SRC.[7] The SRC subsequently renamed the country the Somali Democratic Republic,[8][9] arrested members of the former government, banned political parties,[10] dissolved the parliament and the Supreme Court, and suspended the Constitution.[11]

A new Constitution was ratified on August 25, 1979 through a popular referendum, under which elections for a People's Assembly were held. However, Barre's Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party politburo continued to rule.[9] The Constitution of 1979 provided for a presidential system under which the president served as both head of state and head of government. As head of government, the president selected the members of the Council of Ministers, which he chaired. The Constitution of 1979 initially called for the president to be elected to a six-year, renewable term of office by a two-thirds majority vote of the legislature. After Barre's overthrow, a provisional government called for a new Constitution to replace the 1979 document that had been the law of the land at the time of his ouster.[6]

The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Somalia promotes human rights, the rule of law, general standards of international law, justice, participatory consultative and inclusive government, the separation of powers between the legislature, executive and an independent judiciary, in order to ensure accountability, efficiency and responsiveness to the interests of the people.

The Federal Republic of Somalia is a federal state with a semi-presidential system, where much of the executive power lies with the Prime Minister.

The Somali federal president is the head of state. The presidential powers of the head of state are far reaching and are carried out in accordance with the Constitution and the other laws of the Federal Republic of Somalia. These powers include appointing the head of the executive (Prime Minister), serving as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces and declaring a state of emergency and war.

The executive power of the federal government is vested in the federal cabinet. The Prime Minister is the head of government. They head the federal Cabinet, consisting of ministers appointed on the Prime Minister's suggestion. The Prime Minister is elected for a full term of 4 years and can only be dismissed by parliament electing a successor in a vote of no confidence.

Judicial authority of the Federal Republic is vested in the courts. The judiciary is independent of the legislative and executive branches of government whilst fulfilling its judicial functions. It can declare statutes as null and void if they are in violation of the Federal Constitution.

The national court structure consists of:

• The Constitutional Court
• The Federal Government level courts
• The Federal Member State level courts

The main body of the legislative branch is Somalia's bicameral parliament, the Federal Parliament, which enacts federal legislation except laws related to the annual budget. Each member of the Federal Parliament has the right to initiate legislation, as does the cabinet. The lower house comprises 275 MPs, while the upper house is capped at 54 representatives.