Cultural properties of Indonesia

Cultural properties of Indonesia are those items defined by Indonesian law as of "important value for history, science, and culture", and include both man-made artefacts and natural objects.[1] The cultural properties number more than 8,000 and include ancient Hindu and Buddhist temples, mosques, historic colonial buildings, forts, art galleries, national parks and beaches. A number of the sites are World Heritage Sites.

The Prambanan complex is one of 8,232 immovable cultural properties in Indonesia

The current regime for the protection and promotion of the cultural properties of Indonesia (Indonesian: benda cagar budaya) is governed by the Act of the Republic of Indonesia No. 5, 1992, concerning Items of Cultural Property.[2][3] Such measures are to be understood against the background of Section 32 of the 1945 Constitution, according to which "The Government develops the National Culture of Indonesia".[4] Regulation no. 10 of 1993 prescribes the registration of items of cultural property, which is to be undertaken by the relevant second level administrative area.[5] As of 2008, some 8,232 immovable cultural properties and heritage sites have been identified, the last being those places in which items of cultural property are contained.[6]

Cultural properties in Indonesia have been protected since at least 1931, when the colonial government of the Dutch East Indies passed Ordinance Number 19 of 1931 regarding Monuments, which was later amended with another ordinance in 1934. Since 1992, cultural properties have been protected under Act of the Republic of Indonesia Number 5 of 1992 regarding Cultural Properties (Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1992 tentang Benda Cagar Budaya), which was passed by President Suharto on 21 March. This new law was passed as the old, colonial laws were considered no longer applicable.[3]

Article I of the act defines a cultural property as of "important value for history, science, and culture", being either a man-made object or group of objects, movable (bergerak) or immovable (tidak bergerak), aged at least fifty years which has or have high historical value,; or natural objects with high historical value.[1] Said objects, under Articles IV and V, generally belong to and are under the domain of the national government. However, Article VI allows private ownership under certain conditions. The act then goes on to regulate the search for and discovery of historical objects, as well as their keeping and maintenance.[3]

Under Chapter VII of the act, there are several criminal offences related to cultural properties. The intentional damage, theft, relocation, and/or disfigurement of cultural properties, under Article XXVI, is a felony offence punishable by up to ten years in prison and/or a maximum fine of Rp. 100 million (US$ 10,500). Illegal searches for cultural properties, under Article XVII, is a felony offence which can be punished by up to five years in prison and/or a Rp. 50 million (US$ 5,250) fine. Persons who neglect to maintain cultural objects, as required in Article 10 subsection 1, face a criminal misdemanour charge carrying a maximum of one year in prison and a Rp. 10 million (US$ 1,050) fine.[3]

Indonesia's cultural properties are managed and studied by their respective provincial authorities known as Balai Pelestarian Cagar Budaya (BPCB). The BPCB does not have an official English translation, and usually remains untranslated when referred to in documents in other languages. Nevertheless, BPCB means "Centre for the Conservation of Cultural Properties."

Objects

As of 2008, some 8,232 immovable cultural properties and heritage sites have been identified, the last being those places in which items considered cultural properties are contained.[6] Several examples follow below:

The Jakarta Art Building, one of numerous objects in Jakarta

See also

References
  1. "Compilation of Law and Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Concerning Items of Cultural Property" (PDF). UNESCO. pp. 3f. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  2. "Compilation of Law and Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Concerning Items of Cultural Property" (PDF). UNESCO. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  3. "Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 5 Tahun 1992 Tentang Benda Cagar Budaya" [Law of the Republic of Indonesia no. 5, 1992, concerning Items of Cultural Property] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Government of Indonesia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  4. "Compilation of Law and Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Concerning Items of Cultural Property" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 23. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  5. "Compilation of Law and Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Concerning Items of Cultural Property" (PDF). UNESCO. p. 43. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  6. "Situs/Benda Cagar Budaya Tidak Bergerak, Situs/BCB Dipelihara, dan Juru Pelihara Seluruh Indonesia" [Heritage Sites and Immovable Cultural Properties] (PDF) (in Indonesian). National Development Planning Agency. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  7. "Daftar Benda Cagar Budaya yang Perlu Dilestarikan" [List of Cultural Properties Which Must Be Preserved] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Ministry of Culture, Tourism, Youths, and Sport. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 6 May 2012.
  8. "Monumen Pers Nasional" (in Indonesian). City Planning Bureau of Surakarta. 10 September 2012. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2013.
  9. Masjid arsitektur India
  10. Malay Palace
  11. A Hindu Temple in Indonesia
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