Dølehest

Dole horses generally stand at 14.1 to 15.3 hands (57 to 63 inches, 145 to 160 cm) hands high,[4] weigh 1,190 to 1,390 pounds (540 to 630 kg), and are usually bay, brown or black, with gray, palomino,[1] chestnut and dun occurring less frequently. White markings may occur on the head and legs, especially on the trotter type.[3] The head is heavy with a straight profile, the neck rather short and muscular, the withers moderately pronounced and broad, the chest wide and deep, and the shoulder strong, muscular and sloping. The back is long and the croup broad, muscular and slightly sloping. The legs are short but sturdy and well-muscled, with broad, solid joints and tough hooves.[1] At one point in the breed's history it was prone to weak legs and low fertility, but these problems have since been corrected.[6] Dole horses closely resemble the British Fell and Dales ponies, which developed from the same ancestral stock.[2][7]

When presented for grading and studbook inspection, the heavy-type Dole Gudbrandsdals are tested for pulling power and trotting. In the lighter type, x-rays showing the knee and lower legs to be free of defects must be presented, and stallions must have satisfactory results on the track before they may be used for breeding. However, three-year-old stallions may be issued temporary licenses before they begin their racing career if their conformation, breeding, and trotting ability are considered acceptable.[3] Trotting-type mares with proper conformation that are not fast enough during grading may be registered as draft-type Doles.[6] These strict and organized standards have improved the quality of the Dole breed over the past few decades. Although the Dole horse is one of the smallest draft breeds, it shows great pulling power, and is also hardy and agile. They are especially known for their excellent trots, as is shown by the lighter sub-type of the breed. During the late 20th century, interbreeding between the two types became quite common; due to this, the breed became much more uniform in type, with fewer differences between the trotter and draft sections.[2][3]

The Dole is thought to have originated in the Gudbrandsdal, an inland valley in the county of Oppland. It is likely that the Dole is in part a descendant of the Friesian, as the two breeds are similar in conformation, and the Frisian people were known traders in the area between 400 and 800 AD. There was also equine movement between western Norway and northern England during the 9th century through the mid-11th century; this extended period of trade between these areas likely influenced the strong resemblance between the Dole, Friesian, Fell Pony and Dale Pony breeds.[3][7]

Two stallions, named Odin and Mazarin, had a large influence on the development of the Dole breed. Odin (son of Partisan), was a stallion of Thoroughbred (some sources say Norfolk Trotter[1][2]) breeding, imported to Norway in 1834.[4] Odin was said to cost £257 at the time and to have been bred to over 100 mares in his first four years in Norway.[8] All Dole Trotter horses today contain Odin bloodlines. Mazarin was an Arabian imported to Norway in 1934. In 1849, another influential stallion was foaled, named Veikle Balder 4; he was a grandson of Odin and is considered the foundation stallion of the heavier Dole type. A stallion named Brimen 825 was used by breeders to maintain and improve some horses of the heavier Dole type for draft uses.[1][4][7]

In the 19th century, harness racing began to rise in popularity in Norway and breeders looked to create a horse suitable for that sport. The Dole Trotter, a smaller, lighter, faster variation of the draft-type Dole Gudbrandsdal, was then developed. Infusions of Thoroughbred blood, as well as that of various trotting and heavy draft breeds, was used to create this new type. The Dole Trotter was especially influenced between 1840 and 1860 by two other stallions, Toftebrun and Dovre (an Arabian[2]); the latter is the foundation stallion of the Dole Trotter type.[1][7] The two types are commonly interbred, especially since 1960.[2][3][9]

In 1872, the Dole Gudbrandsdal was split into two types - a class for heavier agriculture and driving horses and a class for lighter racing and riding horses. In 1875, the Norwegian Trotting Association was formed by enthusiasts of the second type. In 1902, the first Dole Gudbrandsdal stud book was published, containing stallions from both types born between 1846 and 1892. In 1903, the Norwegian Trotting Association split their registration between purebred Norwegian trotters and trotting crosses. At the same time, standards for entry were tightened and the first inspection committee was created. In 1965, the Norwegian or Dole Trotter studbook was taken over by the Norwegian Trotting Association, as part of the new Coldblood trotter program approved by the Norwegian Ministry for Agriculture. The Dole Trotter studbook is still coordinated with the original Dole Gudbrandsdal registry, and horses have to meet many of the same standards.[5] The Dole Trotter is alternately considered a subtype of the Dole Gudbrandsdal[1][2][3] and a separate breed.[4][5]

Interest in the Dole Gudbrandsdal continued through World War II, and the horses were used heavily during Norway's occupation by Germany. Breed numbers and interest diminished after the war as increasing mechanization reduced demand for draft animals; however, a breeding center was established in 1962 to help maintain population numbers.[7] In 1947, the National Dølehorse Association was formed to promote and preserve the breed.[10] As of 2002, there are approximately 4,000 registered Dole Gudbrandsdals, with around 175 new foals registered annually.[4]

When originally developed, Dole Gudbrandsdals were used as pack horses on overland trade routes across Norway, the main one of which connected Oslo with the North Sea and ran through the Gudbrandsdal Valley.[7] The Dole Gudbrandsdal is used mainly for heavy draft and agricultural work, as well as timber hauling, while the lighter Dole Trotter is used mainly for harness racing. The Dole Gudbrandsdal was an influential breed in the formation of the North Swedish Horse, and the two breeds are very similar in conformation.[1] When the Dole and North Swedish breeds are crossed, they produce a lighter-weight horse with more forward gaits that is often used for harness racing.[11] The Dole Gudbrandsdal has also been crossed with Swedish Warmbloods to produce riding-type horses, and it has been theorized that Dole/Thoroughbred crosses may produce nice hunter horses.[6]

• Bongianni, Maurizio (editor) (1988). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Horses and Ponies. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-66068-3.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
• Edwards, Elwyn Hartley (1994). The Encyclopedia of the Horse (1st American ed.). New York, NY: Dorling Kindersley. ISBN 1-56458-614-6.
• Hendricks, Bonnie (2007). International Encyclopedia of Horse Breeds. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3884-8.
• Marshall, Francis H. A. (1906). "The Horse in Norway". In The Royal Society of Edinburgh (ed.). Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, volume 26. The Society.
• Swinney, Nicola Jane; Langrish, Bob (2006). Horse Breeds of the World. Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-990-8.

• National Association of Dolehorses (Norwegian)
• Google book