Equidae

Extinct equids restored to scale. Left to right: Mesohippus, Neohipparion, Eohippus, Equus scotti and Hypohippus

The oldest known fossils assigned to Equidae were found in North America, and date from the early Eocene, 54 million years ago. They used to be assigned to the genus Hyracotherium, but the type species of that genus now is regarded to be not a member of this family. The other species have been split off into different genera. These early equids were fox-sized animals with three toes on the hind feet, and four on the front feet. They were herbivorous browsers on relatively soft plants, and already adapted for running. The complexity of their brains suggest that they already were alert and intelligent animals.[1] Later species reduced the number of toes, and developed teeth more suited for grinding up grasses and other tough plant food.

The equids, like other perissodactyls, are hindgut fermenters. They have evolved specialized teeth that cut and shear tough plant matter to accommodate their fibrous diet.[2] Their seemingly inefficient digestion strategy is a result of their size at the time of its evolution,[3] as they would have already had to be relatively large mammals to be supported on such a strategy.

The family became relatively diverse during the Miocene, with many new species appearing. By this time, equids were more truly horse-like, having developed the typical body shape of the modern animals.[4] Many of these species bore the main weight of their bodies on their central, third, toe, with the others becoming reduced, and barely touching the ground, if at all. The sole surviving genus, Equus, had evolved by the early Pleistocene, and spread rapidly through the world.[5]

Skeletons

Protorohippus

Hipparion

Equus (Przewalski's horse)

• Order Perissodactyla (In addition to Equidae, Perissodactyla includes four species of tapir in a single genus, as well as five living species (belonging to four genera) of rhinoceros.) † indicates extinct taxa.
  • Family Equidae
    • Genus †Epihippus
    • Genus †Haplohippus
    • Genus †Eohippus
    • Genus †Minippus[6]
    • Genus †Orohippus
    • Genus †Pliolophus
    • Genus †Protorohippus
    • Genus †Sifrhippus
    • Genus †Xenicohippus[6]
    • Genus †Eurohippus
    • Genus †Propalaeotherium
    • Subfamily †Anchitheriinae
      • Genus †Anchitherium
      • Genus †Archaeohippus
      • Genus †Desmatippus
      • Genus †Hypohippus
      • Genus †Kalobatippus
      • Genus †Megahippus
      • Genus †Mesohippus
      • Genus †Miohippus
      • Genus †Parahippus
      • Genus †Sinohippus
    • Subfamily Equinae
      • Genus †Merychippus
      • Genus †Scaphohippus
      • Genus †Acritohippus
      • Tribe †Hipparionini
        • Genus †Eurygnathohippus
        • Genus †Hipparion
        • Genus †Hippotherium
        • Genus †Nannippus
        • Genus †Neohipparion
        • Genus †Proboscidipparion
        • Genus †Pseudhipparion
      • Tribe Equini
        • Genus †Haringtonhippus[7]
        • Genus †Heteropliohippus[8]
        • Genus †Parapliohippus[8]
        • Subtribe Protohippina
          • Genus †Calippus
          • Genus †Protohippus
        • Subtribe Equina
          • Genus †Astrohippus
          • Genus †Dinohippus
          • Genus Equus (22 species, 7 extant)
          • Genus †Hippidion
          • Genus †Onohippidium
          • Genus †Pliohippus