Declension in Hindi

Hindi has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative) [1][2] and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative, and Genitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel (the semblative and the genitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.

Nouns

All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below. The vocative case is an obsolete case and its rarely used colloquially, its function is taken by the oblique case.

Case Masculine Feminine
ending in -ā ending in -i/ī ending in -u/ū ending in -ø ending in -i/ī ending in -ā ending in -ø
Boy Man Knife Tree Girl Mother Train
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Nominative लड़का

laɽkā

लड़के

laɽke

आदमी

ādmī

आदमी

ādmī

चाकू

chakū

चाकू

chakū

पेड़

peɽ

पेड़

peɽ

लड़की

laɽkī

लड़कियाँ

laɽkiyā̃

माता

mātā

माताएँ

mātā

ट्रेन

ʈren

ट्रेनें

ʈren

Oblique लड़के

laɽke

लड़कों

laɽkõ

आदमियों

ādmiyõ

चाकुओं

chāk

पेड़ों

peɽõ

लड़कियों

laɽkiyõ

माताओं

mātāõ

ट्रेनों

ʈrenõ

Vocative लड़को

laɽko

आदमियो

ādmiyo

चाकुओ

chākuo

पेड़ो

peɽo

लड़कियो

laɽkiyo

माताओ

mātāo

ट्रेनो

ʈreno

Pronouns

The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi are mentioned in the table below:

Personal Pronouns

Case Personal
1st person 2nd person
Singular Plural Singular Plural
Intimate Familiar Formal
Nominative मैं

mɛ̃

हम

ham

तू

तुम

tum

आप

āp

Dative मुझे

mujhe

हमें

hamẽ

तुझे

tujhe

तुम्हें

tumhẽ

Accusative
Oblique Regular मुझ

mujh

हम

ham

तुझ

tujh

तुम

tum

आप

āp

Ergative मैं

mãĩ

तू

Emphatic मुझी

mujhī

हमीं

hamī̃

तुझी

tujhī

तुम्हीं

tumhī̃

Genitive मेरे

mere

हमारे

hamāre

तेरे

tere

तुम्हारे

tumhāre

मेरी

merī

हमारी

hamārī

तेरी

terī

तुम्हारी

tumhārī

Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative Pronouns

Case Demonstrative Relative Interrogative
3rd person
Proximal Non-proximal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal
Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal
Nominative यह

yah

ये

ye

वह

vah

वे

ve

जो

jo

कौन, क्या

kaun, kyā

ये

ye

वो

vo

Dative इसे

ise

इन्हें

inhẽ

उसे

use

उन्हें

unhẽ

जिसे

jise

जिन्हें

jinhẽ

किसे

kise

किन्हें

kinhẽ

Accusative
Oblique Regular इस

is

इन

in

उस

us

उन

un

जिस

jis

जिन

jin

किस

kis

किन

kin

Ergative इन्हों

inhõ

उन्हों

unhõ

जिन्हों

jinhõ

किन्हों

kinhõ

Emphatic इसी

isī

इन्हीं

inhī̃

उसी

usī

उन्हीं

unhī̃

किसी

kisī

किन्हीं

kinhī̃

Possessive Pronouns

Pronoun Masculine Feminine
Nominative Oblique Nominative Oblique
Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal
1st Person Singular मेरा (merā) मेरे (mere) मेरी (merī)
Plural हमारा (hamārā) हमारे (hamāre) हमारी (hamārī)
2nd Person Intimate तेरा (terā) तेरे (tere) तेरी (terī)
Familiar तुम्हारा (tumhārī) तुम्हारे (tumhāre) तुम्हारी (tumhārī)

Note: The formal 2nd person pronoun आप (āp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition का (kā) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.

Postpositions

The case-marking postpositions of Hindi are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:

Case-markers
Case Case Marker Example English Example English
Ergative ने

ne

लड़के ने

laɽke ne

boy उन्होंने they
Accusative को

ko

लड़के को

laɽke ko

the boy उनको them
Dative to the boy to them
Instrumental से

se

लड़के से

laɽke se

with the boy उनसे with them
Ablative from the boy from them
Genitive का

लड़के का

laɽke kā

boy's उनका their(s)
Inessive में

mẽ

लड़के में

laɽke mẽ

in the boy उनमें in them
Adessive पे/पर

pe/par

लड़के पे

laɽke pe

on the boy उनपे on them
Terminative तक

tak

लड़के तक

laɽke tak

till the boy उनतक till them
Semblative सा

लड़के सा

laɽke sā

boyish उनसा like them
Case Genitive Postposition Semblative Postposition
Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine
Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal
Nominative का

kā

के

ke

की

kī

सा

sā

से

se

सी

sī

Oblique के

ke

से

se

Verbs

In the table below, ø represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.

ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES[3][4]
Participles Example

bolnā / बोलना / to say

Singular Plural Singular Plural
Habitual ɸ-tā ɸ-tē बोलता

boltā

बोलते

boltē

ɸ-tī ɸ-tīm̥ बोलती

boltī

बोलतीं

boltīm̥

Habitual

Adjectival

ɸ-tā huā ɸ-tē huē बोलता हुआ

boltā huā

बोलते हुए

boltē

ɸ-tī huī ɸ-tī huīm̥ बोलती हुई

boltī huī

बोलती हुईं

boltī huīm̥

Perfective ɸ-(y)ā ɸ-(y)ē बोला

bolā

बोले

bolē

ɸ-(y)ī ɸ-(y)īm̥ बोली

bolī

बोलीं

bolīm̥

Perfective

Adjectival

ɸ-(y)ā huā ɸ-(y)ē huē बोला हुआ

bolā huā

बोले हुए

bolē huē

ɸ-(y)ī huī ɸ-(y)ī huīm̥ बोली हुई

bolī huī

बोली हुईं

bolīm̥ huīm̥

NON-ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES [4][5][6][7]
Participles Example

bolnā / बोलना / to say

Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural
Infinitive ɸ-nā ɸ-nē बोलना

bolnā

बोलने

bolnē

ɸ-nī ɸ-nīm̥ बोलनी

bolnī

बोलनीं

bolnīm̥

Prospective

&

Agentive

ɸ-nēvālā ɸ-nēvālē बोलनेवाला

bolnēvālā

बोलनेवाले

bolnēvālē

ɸ-nēvālī ɸ-nēvālīm̥ बोलनेवाली

bolnēvālī

बोलनेवालीं

bolnēvālīm̥

Oblique

Infinitive

ɸ-nē बोलने

bolnē

Conjunctive ɸ-kē, ɸ-kar बोलके, बोलकर

bolkē, bolkar

Progressive ɸ-tē-ɸ-tē बोलते-बोलते

boltē-boltē

References

  1. "Hindi Noun Cases". hindilanguage.info. 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2020-09-01.
  2. "(PDF) Ergative Case-marking in Hindi". researchgate.net. Retrieved 2020-11-10.
  3. Tokaj, Jolanta (2016-06-01). "A comparative study of participles, converbs and absolute constructions in Hindi and Medieval Rajasthani". Lingua Posnaniensis. 58. doi:10.1515/linpo-2016-0007.
  4. Subbarao, K.; Arora, Harbir (2009-01-01). "The Conjunctive Participle in Dakkhini Hindi-Urdu: Making the Best of Both Worlds*". 70: 359–386. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. Montaut, Annie (2018-09-10), "On the nature of the Hindi infinitive: History as an answer to its syntactic behavior?", Trends in Hindi Linguistics, pp. 115–146, ISBN 978-3-11-061079-6, retrieved 2020-07-03
  6. Campbell, George L. (1995). Compendium of the World's Languages. Great Britain: Routledge. pp. 225–229. ISBN 0-415-11392-X.
  7. Shapiro, Michael C. (2003). A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 116. ISBN 81-208-0508-9.
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