Equity crowdfunding

Equity crowdfunding is the online offering of private company securities to a group of people for investment and therefore it is a part of the capital markets. Because equity crowdfunding involves investment into a commercial enterprise, it is often subject to securities and financial regulation. Equity crowdfunding is also referred to as crowd-investing, investment crowdfunding, or crowd equity.

Equity crowdfunding is a mechanism that enables broad groups of investors to fund startup companies and small businesses in return for equity. Investors give money to a business and receive ownership of a small piece of that business. If the business succeeds, then its value goes up, as well as the value of a share in that business—the converse is also true. Coverage of equity crowdfunding indicates that its potential is greatest with startup businesses that are seeking smaller investments to achieve establishment, while follow-on funding (required for subsequent growth) may come from other sources.[1]

History

Investment crowdfunding can be debt-based or equity-based, or can follow other models, including profit-sharing and hybrid models. The term equity crowdfunding is often used to describe crowd investing into both debt and equity based instruments when they are offered on an equity crowdfunding platform. The first known equity based crowdfunding platform was launched in 2007 in Australia, called the Australian Small Scale Offerings Board (ASSOB).[2] ASSOB now trades as Enable Funding, a securities licensed equity raising platform that has raised over $150 million for 176 private companies. Over 78% of these companies were still trading profitably at the end of 2017.[2] The first US. based company ProFounder launched model for startups to raise investments directly on the site in May 2011,[3] but deciding later to shut down its business due regulatory reasons preventing them from continuing,[4] having launched their model prior to JOBS Act.[5][6][7][8] Early platforms include CrowdCube and Seedrs in the UK. Others like the European startup Exorot.com[9] invest their own money in every new startup on top of investment received from others on their website.

Selling investments via crowdfunding has been called crowdfund investing,[10] hyperfunding,[11] crowdinvesting,[12] or even simply crowdfunding, as in "legalize crowdfunding".[13] Some have called for standardization of the terminology in a way that distinguishes the practice from other forms of crowdfunding.[14]

Debt crowdfunding, also known as peer to peer lending or peer to business lending, allows a group of lenders to lend funds to individuals or businesses in return for interest payment on top of capital repayments. Borrowers must demonstrate creditworthiness and the capability to repay the debt, making it unsuitable for NINA or startups.[15]

Regulation

Investment crowdfunding can breach various securities laws, because soliciting investments from the general public is often illegal, unless the opportunity has been filed with an appropriate securities regulatory authority, such as the Securities and Exchange Commission in the U.S., the Ontario Securities Commission in Ontario, Canada, the Autorité des marchés financiers in France and Quebec, Canada, or the Financial Conduct Authority in the U.K. These regulators have different ways of determining what is and what is not a security but a general rule one can rely on (at least in the U.S.) is the Howey Test. The Howey Test says that a transaction constitutes an investment contract (therefore a security) if there is (1) an exchange of money (2) with an expectation of profits arising (3) from a common enterprise (4) which depends solely on the efforts of a promoter or third party. Any crowdfunding arrangement in which investors are asked to contribute money in exchange for potential profits based on the work of others would be considered a security. As such, the applicable investment contract would have to be registered with a regulatory agency, unless it qualified for one of several exemptions (e.g., Regulation A or Rule 506 of Regulation D of the Securities Act of 1933, or the California Limited Offering Exemption – Rule 1001 (also known as S.E.C. Rule 1001)). However, as of October 30, 2015 the SEC adopted Regulation Crowdfunding ("Regulation CF") under the Securities Act of 1933 and the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 to implement crowdfunding provisions of Title III of the JOBS Act.[16] Title III added new Securities Act Section 4(a)(6),[17] which provides an exemption from the registration requirements of Securities Act Section 5[18] for certain crowdfunding transactions.[19] On January 29, 2015, the SEC opened up registration process to approve online platforms intending to legally solicit offerings through equity crowdfunding (Regulation CF). Online platforms operating under Regulation CF are expected to provide investment access via equity crowdfunding as early as mid-May 2016 (pending SEC approval). The penalties for a securities violation can vary greatly and depend on the amount of profit obtained by the "promoter", the damage done to the investors, and whether a violation is a first time offense. According to Section 5 of the Securities Act, it is illegal to sell any security unless such a sale is accompanied or preceded by a prospectus that meets the requirements of the Securities Act.[20]

Crowdfunding is regulated to protect investors. Creators on crowdfunding platforms are often inexperienced and lack the ability to complete funded projects by agreed deadlines. Additionally, amateur investors are susceptible to fraud when they fail to verify projects and "free-ride" on other investors’ funding histories. Above all, there is an overall risk of failure in early, platform-driven projects.[21]

International approaches to regulation

Argentina

Although it was admitted by the Civil Code, it was not regulated, a task that was recently carried out by the National Securities Commission (CNV), an agency that is the authority of control, regulation, control and enforcement.

The Argentine crowdfunding model will flow through collective financing platforms, which must be in charge of a corporation authorized and registered by the CNV.

It must have a legal structure, statute and corporate purpose, name, registered addresses, shareholder registration, own website and email, among other requirements.

Among its activities, the corporate purpose should indicate that it puts in contact "a plurality of human and/or legal persons acting as investors with human and / or legal persons requesting financing".

Australia

Crowdfunding as a discrete activity is not prohibited in Australia when raising funds with donations. The provisions of the Corporations Act need to be considered if raising funds with either debt or equity.[22]

The Australian federal government's now dissolved Corporations and Markets Advisory Committee (CAMAC)[23] released its report on equity crowdfunding in May 2014.[24] The report proposed a regulatory regime specifically designed for and to facilitate crowd sourced equity funding (CSEF) in Australia.[25] The CAMAC report recommended Australia introduce legislation allowing retail investors to invest up to $10,000 a year in start-ups via equity crowdfunding, with a maximum of $2,500 in each company. It suggested companies be allowed to raise up to $2 million per year on such platforms.

In the 2015 Federal Budget, as part of its small business package, the government announced that it would make it easier for small businesses to access capital by allowing crowd-sourced equity funding and by simplifying related reporting and disclosure requirements.[26] 'Treasury 'set aside $7.8 million in funding over four years to enable the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) to implement and monitor the regulatory framework to facilitate the use of crowd-sourced equity funding when it is unveiled before the end of 2015.

Through 2016 and 2017 proposed amendments to the Corporations Act were debated and finally passed on 22 March 2017 in the form of the Corporations Amendment (Crowd-sourced Funding) Bill 2016 (Bill). The Bill provided 6 months for the Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) to enable the legislation and a further delay for licensing to occur.

On 11 January 2018 the first seven retail AFS Licenees were granted to Big Start, Billfolda, Birchal Financial Services, Equitise, Global Funding Partners, IQX Investment Services and On-Market Bookbuilds.[27]

Amendments expanding access to equity crowdfunding for (small) proprietary companies passed parliament into law on 28 September 2018.[28]

Austria

Austria introduced a new law in August 2015 which specifically regulates crowdfunding and other alternative forms of investment. The law is meant to set a clear legal framework for crowdfunding to not only make this form of investment more accessible to entrepreneurs, but also to protect the investors better and prevent misuse.[29]

Belgium

Local crowdfunding sites have been active in Belgium since 2011, and the legislation was adapted to cover them in April 2014. This made it possible to raise up to 300k€ per projects via crowdfunding as long as crowd investors' individual investments remained below €1000. Since this law adaptation was limited, regional governments have confirmed that further improvements of the legislation would remain a priority to address before 2019, and this was officially confirmed by the Flemish government in a published act.[30]

Canada

Canada's first equity crowdfunding portal is Optimize Capital Markets which launched in Ontario in September 2009.[31] In June 2013, the Ontario Securities Commission announced that it was allowing an Ontario-only portal for accredited investors.[32] The province of Saskatchewan made equity crowdfunding legal in December 2013.[33]

On May 14, 2015, the securities regulatory authorities of British Columbia, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Québec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia announced that they were adopting substantially harmonized registration and prospectus exemptions (the start-up crowdfunding exemptions) to allow start-up and early-stage companies in these jurisdictions to raise up to $500,000 per calendar year through online funding portals. These exemptions will be in effect until May 13, 2020.[34]

China

On November 19, 2014 in the State Council address, prime minister Li Keqiang endorsed equity crowdinvesting as part of financial innovation to solve financing difficulties for small and medium enterprises.[35] On January 20, 2015, the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) approved the first eight equity crowdinvesting platforms.[36]

Estonia

The first equity crowdfunding system was launched in August 2015 by Fundwise. There is no special law regarding crowdfunding but there is a Good Practice of Crowdfunding guidelines that were set up by Finance Estonia industry association and Deloitte in 2016.

Finland

An Equity Crowdfunding portal was launched in Finland in May 2012 by Invesdor.[37] The legal issues around donation-based crowdfunding have been under debate in Finland as its legislation[38] around this is different from most countries. However the legislation about Equity and Rewards-based Crowdfunding is more similar to the rest of Europe, and the legal situation is clear.[39] Invesdor has also started operating in Sweden[40] and has additionally opened its service to Danish and Estonian companies.[41] The Sweden-based FundedByMe also launched their Equity Crowdfunding portal in Finland in January 2013.[42]

Germany

After two smaller projects in 2010, 2011 can be considered the first successful year for crowdfunding in Germany. The largest crowdfunding project was launched by the company Brainpool in December 2011. For the movie of the successful TV series Stromberg, the company wanted to collect one million euros by March 2012,[43] and the total amount was reached within one week.[44]

Hong Kong

An equity crowdfunding platform may need to be licensed under the Securities and Futures Ordinance (Cap. 571) before it is permitted to carry on a business in, or actively market to the public any services that would constitute, a regulated activity in Hong Kong. In addition, the Securities and Futures Commission, Hong Kong's securities regulator, may impose certain legal restrictions or licensing conditions on equity crowdfunding platforms, such as the requirement to provide services only to professional investors (as defined by the Securities and Futures Ordinance and the Securities and Futures (Professional Investor) Rules (Cap. 571D)).

Ireland

Crowdfunding remains unregulated in Ireland. The law with regard to crowdfunding, and in particular equity based crowdfunding is complex. Issues to be resolved and regulations to be reviewed include:

  • The Prospectus Directive (Directive 2003/71/EC) as transposed into Irish law by the Prospectus (Directive 2003/71/EC) Regulations 2005 (as amended) (the "Prospectus Regulations").
  • The Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) (Directive 2004/39/EC) as transposed into Irish law by the European Communities (Markets in Financial Instruments) Regulations 2007 (the "MiFID Regulations").
  • The Investment Intermediaries Act 1995.
  • The Consumer Credit Act 1995.

Israel

Israel has yet to enact legal framework for equity crowdfunding. Therefore, any equity crowdfunding activity is currently regulated under the Israeli Securities Law which permits the offering of securities to 35 non accredited individuals and an unlimited amount of accredited investors as defined in Israel Securities Law. The Israeli Securities Authority has proposed a new regulatory framework for equity crowdfunding in Israel, which has not been adopted yet. Some of the main terms are:

  • An aggregate financing amount of up to ILS2 million over 12 months
  • Limitation of the amount to be invested by each individual to ILS10,000 unless the investor is "wealthy"
  • A sophisticated investor (as defined in the regulations) must contribute 10% of the total financing amount
  • Office of Chief Scientist approval.

Italy

In July 2013, Italy became the first country in Europe to implement a complete regulation on equity-crowdfunding, which applies only to innovative startups and establishes, among other rules, a national registry for equity crowdfunding portals and disclosure obligations for both issuers and portals.[45] The first equity crowdfunding campaign launched in Italy was a success, raising a total of €157,780 in three months, exceeding its initial target of €147,000.[46]

Malaysia

In June 2015, the Malaysian Securities Commission (MSC) approved six equity platforms to begin operation by the end of the year.[47] The approved platforms include Alix Global, Ata Plus, Crowdonomic, Eureeca, pitchIN and CrowdPlus .[48]

Netherlands

In April 2011, Symbid was founded in the Netherlands by Robin Slakhorst and Korstiaan Zandvliet as one of the world's first investment crowdfunding platforms. In December 2014, the Netherlands Authority for the Financial Markets published ‘Crowdfunding – Towards a sustainable sector’ which provides insight into how the crowdfunding market in the Netherlands can develop into a sustainable one.[49]

New Zealand

New Zealand enacted the legal framework for equity crowdfunding in 2013 [50] and corresponding regulations in 2014.[51] The regulations allow each New Zealand company to raise up to $2 million in any 12 months from the New Zealand public through a licensed equity crowdfunding platform without the usual offer document prescribed under securities law. PledgeMe and Snowball Effect were the first two platforms to receive licences [52] Snowball Effect launched New Zealand's first equity crowdfunding offer in August 2014, with craft brewery Renaissance Brewing successfully raising $700,000 in 13 days.[53] In March 2015, Invivo Wines became the first New Zealand company to raise $2 million, the maximum amount allowed under New Zealand regulations.[54][55][56] In October 2015, the Financial Markets Authority licensed a new equity crowdfunding portal called AlphaCrowd that said it would focus only on digital and technology companies and would also aim to attract Chinese investors to New Zealand.[57]

Poland

The activity of equity crowdfunding platforms on the Polish market has been specified by the Polish Financial Supervision Authority in May 2019. The platforms are not subject to special regulations, and can act on the basis of the Act on Entrepreneurs' Law, stating that the entrepreneur may take all actions except those prohibited by law. For a platform to allow to make investment decisions, it's obliged to provide detailed information about a financial instrument offered. Hence, it can be assumed that the equity crowdfunding platform acts as an "advertising column" enabling issuers to carry out only promotional campaigns.[58]

The June 14, 2017 Regulation of the European Parliament and the EU Council raised a threshold for no-prospectus issues to the limit of EUR 1 million, every 12 months. The directive entered into force on July 21, 2018.[59] However, according to the provisions of the EU directive, the Polish regulator may increase the limit to EUR 8 million.[60] One of the first equity crowdfunding platforms in Poland and Central and Eastern Europe is Beesfund, founded in 2012.[61] As of October 2019, 55 issues for a total amount of PLN 31.6 million (US$8 million) were collected on the platform, with the participation of 26,000 investors.[62]

In February 2019, the idea of collecting equity money online gained significant media attention after the success of the offering of the football club Wisła Kraków. Within 24 hours, it raised PLN 4 million (US$1 million), as the fans became owners of over 5 percent of its shares.[63] In 2020, the Warsaw Stock Exchange will launch its own equity crowdfunding platform named Private Market.[64]

Portugal

The crowdfunding activities in Portugal had not been targeted by legislation until 2015.[65] The first equity crowdfunding platform to receive the regulatory approval from the UK Financial Services Authority was Seedrs, co-founded by Portuguese Carlos Silva.[66] SyndicateRoom another online UK-based equity crowdfunding was also co-funded by Portuguese Gonçalo de Vasconcelo. Some of Portugal's crowdfunding platforms are PPL,[67] a donation and reward-based crowdfunding platform for funding every kind of projects,[68] MassiveMov,[69] founded in 2011 aiming to be a funding alternative for innovative projects[68] and Raize,[70] a debt-based crowdfunding platform. Novo Banco Crowdfunding is another initiative in partnership with PPL which aims to raise money for social projects promoted by NGOs and charities and are 10% co-financed by NOVO BANCO,[69] founded in 2011 aiming to be a funding alternative for innovative projects.[68] The Portuguese crowdfunding legislation, Lei 102/2015 de 24 de agosto Regime jurídico do financiamento colaborativo[71] states that from now on crowdfunding will be monitored by CMVM(Securities Market Commission) and every platform needs to be registered at DGC (General Consumer Office). It recognizes four types of crowdfunding: donation, reward, equity and debt. According to the law, the investors can receive the money back if the announced conditions are not complied.[68] CMVM is given 3 months to create the supervision norms and regulations to be applied in this area but the new rules apply only to projects that start after the publication of the law.

Singapore

Equity Crowdfunding currently falls under the Collective Investment Scheme which is regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). MAS governs the crowdfunding activities under the Securities and Futures Act (Cap.289),[72] and the Financial Advisers Act (Cap. 110).[73] MAS controls equity-based crowdfunding the same way it controls debt-based crowdfunding.  For both cases, the crowdfunding platform must have a Capital Markets Service (CSL) license. If a platform also wishes to offer advice to investors, it should acquire a license as a financial advisor.[73]

Spain

In Spain, the new Law 5/2015 was signed to promote business financing and regulate crowdfunding.

Sweden and Norway

Crowdfunding portals have also launched in Scandinavia supporting both local language crowdfunding and English language crowdfunding. The oldest active crowdfunding platform in Sweden today is crowdculture launched in 2010. The system works with a unique hybrid mechanism where crowdfunding works as abase to crowdsource public investment decisions.[74] The donation-based CrowdFunding portal FundedByMe has been active in Sweden and Norway since 2011,[75] and Swedish crowdfunding activity is evolving in parallel to Crowdfunding in the US with Equity-Based CrowdFunding becoming active in Sweden late in 2012.[76] Invesdor also started operating in Sweden in February 2013.[40]

Switzerland

The oldest[77] and most active[78] crowdinvesting platform in Switzerland is investiere.ch. Crowdinvesting was responsible for 48% of the total money raised via crowdfunding in Switzerland in 2013.[79] The Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority has not established specific regulations for crowdinvesting platforms. Instead, each platform is reviewed on a case-by-case basis to decide whether the platform requires a license to operate. In general, if the money raised is only brokered via the platform and not centrally pooled in any way, unlicensed providers are acting within the law.[80]

United Kingdom

On 1 April 2014, the regulation of the consumer credit market transferred from the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) to the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA). This includes responsibility for regulating loan-based crowdfunding. The FCA has published a policy statement regarding crowd funding in March 2014.[81]

Abundance Generation was the first debt crowdfunding platform in the United Kingdom (UK) to be regulated by the Financial Services Authority (now the Financial Conduct Authority). It was approved in July 2011 and was launched to the public in 2012.[82] Abundance Generation provides democratic finance to UK-based renewable energy developers.[83]

On 6 July 2012, Seedrs Limited was launched as the first equity crowdfunding platform to receive regulatory approval from the Financial Services Authority.[66] In August 2012, Richard Branson announced his support for crowdfunding, crowdinvesting and crowdlending platform BankToTheFuture.com in the Telegraph newspaper.[84] In February 2013, the CrowdCube equity crowdfunding platform, which was launched in 2011, was authorised by the FSA.[85] On 18 March 2014, the first investor-led equity crowdfunding platform, SyndicateRoom, was authorised by the FCA. In May 2014, Crowd for Angels, which is considered the first debt and equity crowdfunding platform authorised by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), launched.[86] In March 2015, Eureeca was the first international platform to receive regulatory approval from the United Kingdom's Financial Conduct Authority.[87] In April 2017, Capital Cell, a specialist platform for biotech and life sciences crowdfunding from Spain, launched its subsidiary in the United Kingdom[88] and received regulatory approval from the Financial Conduct Authority in September 2017.[89]

Equity crowdfunding platforms

Before June 16, 2015, equity crowdfunding (under Regulation D) was limited to individuals meeting certain net worth and income levels (accredited investors) and was conducted by a licensed broker-dealer. Notable platforms for accredited crowdfunding include Wefunder, AngelList, EquityNet, CircleUp, SeedInvest, and EnergyFunders.

On May 16, 2016, Title III of the 2012 JOBS Act's Regulation CF came into effect which allows equity crowdfunding (also referred to as "Regulation Crowdfunding"), regardless of net worth or income. It must be conducted by a licensed broker-dealer or via a funding portal registered with the SEC.[90] Even before the law came into effect, many crowdfunding services launched to fill this role. Early portal Profounder closed before SEC guidelines were released,[91] and equity portal Earlyshares acquired charity portal Helpersunite.[92] Wefunder and StartEngine were two of the first Funding Portals to be approved. Wefunder became the first successful platform to hit the $1 million raise maximum in the first months following the law coming into effect.[93] A number of other portals have since launched, and many accredited crowdfunding platforms have entered the non-accredited market as well. As of 2017, 25 funding portals have registered with SEC and FINRA to operate in the United States.[94]

Federal legislation

Thanks in part to the Crowdfunding exemption movement, the JOBS Act was signed into law by President Obama on April 5, 2012. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has been given approximately 270 days to set forth specific rules and guidelines that enact this legislation, while also ensuring the protection of investors.[95] Some rules have already been proposed by the SEC.[96][97]

The bill went through a number of amendments and on April 5, 2012 President Barack Obama signed the JOBS Act into law.[98] The legislation mandates that funding portals register with the SEC as well as an applicable self-regulatory organization to operate.[99]

Regulation A offerings places limits on the value of securities issuer may offer and individuals can invest through crowdfunding intermediaries. An issuer may sell up to $1,000,000 of its securities per 12 months, and, depending upon their net worth and income, investors will be permitted to invest up to $100,000 in crowdfunding issues per 12 months.[100] An independent financial statement review by a CPA firm is required for raises $100,000–500,000 and an independent financial statement audit by a CPA firm is required for raises over $500,000.[101]

Regulation CF offerings would prescribe rules governing the offer and sale of securities under new Section 4(a)(6) of the Securities Act of 1933. Individual investments in a 12-month period are limited to the greater of $2,000 or 5 percent of annual income or net worth, if annual income or net worth of the investor is less than $100,000; and 10% of annual income or net worth (not to exceed an amount sold of $100,000), if both annual income and net worth of the investor is $100,000 or more (these amounts are to be adjusted for inflation at least every five years); and transactions must be conducted through an intermediary that either is registered as a broker or is registered as a new type of entity called a "funding portal".[102]

On October 23, 2013, the SEC unanimously approved the progress of the crowdfunding bill and SEC commissioners explained that the commission's goals are to ease online fundraising for small companies and fraud protection for investors. As of the date of approval, the proposal is open for public comment for a 90-day period that is followed by another SEC vote to enable the enactment of the proposal.[103] In parallel to the SEC regulations, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) is creating additional rules related to member firms engaged in crowdfunding.[99]

Regulation CF went into effect on May 16, 2016.[104] The FINRA has played a role of evaluating and approving applications of funding portals.

State legislation

Some people see the federal crowdfunding legislation as unworkable, and several U.S. states have recently enacted or are considering their own crowdfunding exemption laws, to facilitate intrastate investment offerings that are already exempt from federal (SEC) regulation.[105] These include the Invest Kansas Exemption,[106] effective August 2011, and the Invest Georgia Exemption, effective December 2012, has $1m/$10k caps.[107] Late in 2013, both Michigan [108] and Wisconsin [109] joined Kansas and Georgia. As of April 2013, the states of Washington[110] and North Carolina[111] are considering their own crowdfunding exemptions.[112] In July 2012, the Wisconsin Department of Financial Institutions issued an advisory, about legislation proposed, intended to allow crowdfunding to raise up to $1 million from non-accredited Wisconsin investors without audited financial statements, or up to $2 million if the issuer has audited financial statements.[113][114]

Crowdfunding insurance

The draft SEC rules calls for portals to purchase a fidelity bond of at least $100,000. As stated by the SEC, a "fidelity bond .. aims to protect its holder against certain types of losses, including but not limited to those caused by malfeasance of the holder's officers and employees, and the effect of such losses on the holder's capital".[115] A fidelity bond generally covers a corporate policyholder from first party losses arising from the theft of money, securities or other tangible property so if the portal's employees steal the funds belonging to the crowdfunding company, the bond can be useful. However, if there is a claim against the portal for negligence in providing its services as a portal, the more proper insurance policy to apply to this loss is a professional liability insurance.

The final SEC rules waived this requirement.

See also

References
  1. Douglas, Danielle; Overly, Steven (May 20, 2012). "Washington Post: As-regulators-set-rules-for-equity-based-crowdfunding-investors-prepare-for-its-impact". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  2. Raymond, Sam; Lambkin, Anthony; Swart, Richard; Neiss, Sherwood; Best, Jason (2013-01-01). "Crowdfunding's potential for the developing world": 1–103. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  3. Rao, Leena. "Crowdsourced Fundraising Platform ProFounder Now Offers Equity-Based Investment Tools". Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  4. Rao, Leena. "Fundraising Platform For Startups ProFounder Shuts Its Doors". Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  5. "Startups, VCs Now Free To Advertise Their Fundraising Status". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
  6. "All-comers join web party for a punt on best start-ups". Financial Times. Retrieved September 26, 2013.
  7. "Startups Remain Cloudy on the New General Solicitation Rule". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved September 20, 2013.
  8. "The ban has lifted: Here's what these 6 companies think about general solicitation". Venturebeat. Retrieved September 23, 2013.
  9. https://www.exorot.com/
  10. "Crowdfund Investing For Dummies – Sherwood Neiss, Jason W. Best, Zak Cassady-Dorion". Wiley. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  11. "Igniting That Startup Spark". Wharton Magazine. 2013-05-16. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  12. Koren, Gijsbert. "First crowdinvesting platform with ROI » | Smarter money | weblog about crowdfunding & crowdsourcing". Smartermoney.nl. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  13. Mattise, Nathan (2012-03-22). "Senate passes legislation to legalize crowdfunding". Ars Technica. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  14. Sang Lee (2013-04-22). "Stop Calling It Crowdfunding". Crowdfund Insider. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  15. Art Patnaude (27 March 2013). "'Crowdfunding' Takes Hold in the U.K". The Wall Street Journal.
  16. "Overview of Proposed SEC Crowdfunding Regulations". www.seyfarth.com. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  17. "Federal Register | Crowdfunding". www.federalregister.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  18. "U.S.C. Title 15 - COMMERCE AND TRADE". www.gpo.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  19. "Federal Register | Crowdfunding". www.federalregister.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-11.
  20. Cohen, Corcoran & Landis. "Securities Act of 1933" (PDF). U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  21. Agrawal, Ajay, Christian Catalini, and Avi Goldfarb. "Some Simple Economics of Crowdfunding." National Bureau of Economic Research (2014): 63-97.
  22. "ASIC guidance on crowd funding". Australian Securities & Investments Commissionaccess. Retrieved April 12, 2015.
  23. "Equity crowdfunding review last hurrah before CAMAC axed". BRW. Retrieved 16 May 2014.
  24. "CAMAC "Crowd Sourced Equity Funding Report" & "Guide to the Crowd Sourced Equity Funding Report"". CAMAC. Retrieved 21 May 2014.
  25. "Government review recommends equity crowdfunding". BRW. Retrieved 5 June 2014.
  26. "Federal budget 2015: Hockey gives amber light to crowdsourced equity funding". AFR. Retrieved 12 May 2015.
  27. "Australian companies take up crowdfunding opportunity". www.treasury.gov.au. Treasury. 11 January 2018.
  28. https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r5984
  29. "Alternativfinanzierungsgesetz u.a. – beschlossene Neuerungen". www.help.gv.at. Bundesministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Wirtschaft. 14 August 2015.
  30. "Regeerakkoord van de Vlaamse Regering 2014-2019".
  31. "Matthew McGrath, CEO/Founder of Optimize Capital Markets, Joins NCFA / VEC Vancouver Equity Crowdfunding Event May 21, 2014" Retrieved 27 May 2014.
  32. "OSC Approves Ontario-Only Crowdfunding Portal for Accredited Investors". Retrieved 3 July 2013.
  33. "EQUITY CROWDFUNDING AVAILABLE IN SASKATCHEWAN" Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  34. "National Crowdfunding Association of Canada". Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  35. "凤凰财经".
  36. "证券时报".
  37. "Invesdor Launches Equity-Crowdfunding Platform That Skips The Paperwork". Archived from the original on 2014-12-05. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
  38. "Legal Challenges Related To Crowdfunding, Volume 1". Archived from the original on 2014-10-17. Retrieved 2014-12-01.
  39. "Legal Challenges Related To Crowdfunding: Volume 2".
  40. "Suomalainen joukkorahoituspalvelu Ruotsiin".
  41. "Great improvements to our crowdfunding service!". Archived from the original on 2012-12-30.
  42. "FundedByMe To Launch Branch In Finland As Crowdfunding Heats Up In The Nordics".
  43. ""Stromberg revolutionizes movie funding", Financial Times Germany, 16 December 2011". ftd.de. Archived from the original on 7 January 2012. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  44. "Stromberg, one million € in one week". quotenmeter.de. Retrieved 2013-04-24.
  45. "Consob disciplina con regolamento fenomeno 'equity crowdfunding' | Business | Reuters". Borsaitaliana.it.reuters.com. 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  46. "Startup completes first equity crowdfunding drive in Italy". www.reuters.com. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  47. "Update: More Details Regarding Crowdfunding Platforms Approved by Malaysia Securities Commission - Crowdfund Insider". 12 June 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  48. "SC selects six platforms for equity crowdfunding in Malaysia". 11 June 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  49. "Recommendations for sustainable and responsible growth crowdfunding sector - dec - AFM Professionals". www.afm.nl. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  50. "Getting up with the play on crowd funding".
  51. "New Securities Act Exemptions Effective 1 April 2014". Financial Markets Authority. 1 April 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-10-10. Retrieved 2015-07-22.
  52. "PledgeMe, Snowball Effect gain equity crowd-funding licences - Scoop News". www.scoop.co.nz. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  53. "Crowd-funding craft brewer gets to $700k target early". National Business Review. 25 August 2014. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  54. Adams, Christopher (2015). Invivo first to equity crowdfund $2m. The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=11425279
  55. Smylie, Calida (2015). Invivo Wines beats equity crowdfunding records. The National Business Review. http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/invivo-wines-beats-equity-crowdfunding-records-cs-170770
  56. Stone, Gabriel (2015). Invivo 'ecstatic' at crowdfunding record. The Drinks Business. http://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2015/03/invivo-ecstatic-at-crowdfunding-record/
  57. "| The National Business Review". The National Business Review. Retrieved 2016-03-11.
  58. Dzikowska, Joanna (2016-05-16). "Miliony na biznes ze zrzutki w sieci - tu każdy może być inwestorem". Gazeta Wyborcza. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  59. Lis, Marcin (2018-02-08). "Miliardy złotych dla najmniejszych firm. Na rynku pojawi się konkurencja dla GPW". money.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  60. Zielińska, Agnieszka (2018-02-09). "Bez prospektu oferty do 1 miliona euro". Parkiet (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  61. Duszczyk, Michał (2018-01-29). "Potencjał drzemie w budowie społeczności wokół projektu". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  62. Łukasik, M. (2019-08-07). "Rekord internetowych zbiórek udziałowych. W pół roku firmy zebrały ponad 14 mln zł". money.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-02.
  63. Rudke, Maciej (2019-06-26). "Crowdfunding udziałowy: dotacja czy realna inwestycja". Parkiet (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  64. Duszczyk, Michał (2018-07-10). "Crowdfunding wkrótce wystrzeli". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  65. Marques Silva, Marta. "'Equity crowdfunding' será legal em Portugal a partir de Novembro". Económico. Sapo. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  66. "James Hurley, "Regulated financing market for start-ups launched", Telegraph, 13 July 2012". London: Telegraph.co.uk. July 13, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  67. "PPL". PPL Crowdfunding Portugal. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  68. Daniela, Monteiro. "New law shaking Crowdfunding in Portugal". Portugal Startups. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  69. "Massivemov". Massivemov Crowdfunding. Archived from the original on 2015-11-23.
  70. "Raize". Raize. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  71. "Lei n.º 102/2015 de 24 de agosto Regime jurídico do financiamento colaborativo". O Diário da República. Retrieved 21 November 2015.
  72. "Facilitating Securities Based Crowdfunding". www.mas.gov.sg/Crowdfunding Regulation & Papers. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  73. "What Investors Should Know About Crowdfunding Singapore Regulations". www.msn.com. Retrieved 2019-06-05.
  74. "Arctic Start-up: Stockholm Partners With CrowdCulture To Fund Culture".
  75. "Oslo Tecknopol: Crowdfunding comes to norway". Archived from the original on 2012-02-02.
  76. "Site Makes Pennies to Big Ideas".
  77. "SWISS VENTURE CAPITAL FIRM RAISES $600 000 TO SCALE UP UNTRADITIONAL START-UP FINANCING PLATFORM Startupticker.ch - The Swiss Startup News channel". startupticker.ch. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  78. "Crowdfunding for Equity in Europe: Which Platforms are bringing in the most money?". 13 March 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  79. "Crowdfunding Monitor 2014, P.9" (PDF). Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  80. FINMA, Eidgenössische Finanzmarktaufsicht. "FINMA - Page not found" (PDF). www.finma.ch. Retrieved 6 October 2017. Cite uses generic title (help)
  81. "Policy Statement: The FCA's regulatory approach to crowdfunding over the internet..." (PDF). fca.gov.uk. Financial Conduct Authority. Retrieved 24 June 2014.
  82. "Danny Fortsen, "Fivers make the windmill turn", Sunday Times, 22 April 2012". thesundaytimes.co.uk. Retrieved 2013-01-02.
  83. "About Abundance". The Abundance Positive Cycle. Abundance NRG Ltd. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 5 March 2014.
  84. Hurley, James (August 14, 2012). "Richard Branson backs 'Bank to the Future'". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  85. "James Hurley, "FSA gives green light to 'crowdfunding", Telegraph, 4 February 2013". London: Telegraph.co.uk. February 4, 2013. Retrieved 2013-02-04.
  86. "Crowd for Angels Launches Combo Debt and Equity Crowdfunding Platform - Crowdfund Insider". 21 May 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  87. "Eureeca obtains DIFC's first equity crowdfunding licence - Gulf Business". 6 November 2016. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  88. "Capital Cell UK Officially Launches Investment Crowdfunding in the UK, Crowdfund Insider, 01 June 2017". London: crowdfundinsider.com. January 15, 2018. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  89. "Life Sciences Crowdfunding Platform Capital Cell Opens to UK Investors, 22 September 2017". London: crowdfundinsider.com. January 15, 2018. Retrieved 2018-01-15.
  90. "SEC: Crowdfunding Intermediaries". Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  91. "Profunder Shutting Down". Archived from the original on October 24, 2012. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  92. "Crowdsourcing Dot Org: EarlyShares acquires Helpersunite". Archived from the original on January 18, 2013. Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  93. "Wefunder Dominates Equity Crowdfunding".
  94. FINRA: Funding Portals We Regulate https://www.finra.org/about/funding-portals-we-regulate
  95. "HR3606" (PDF). Retrieved 25 July 2012. http://crowdfundinglawyer.us
  96. "Crowd SEC: Rules for advertising crowdfunding" (PDF). Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  97. "Venturebeat: SEC uses JOBS Act to set up new roadblocks to crowdfunding". Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  98. Landler, Mark (5 April 2012). "Obama Signs Bill to Promote Start-Up Investments". New York Times. Retrieved 6 April 2012.
  99. "Crowd Fnding News: FINRA Seeks Public Input on Crowdfunding Regulation". Retrieved October 15, 2012.
  100. "EGS: Crowdfunding Alert" (PDF). Retrieved 16 Oct 2012.
  101. Denlinger, Craig. "Crowdfunding Audits". Retrieved 5 April 2012.
  102. "SEC.gov | SEC Adopts Rules to Permit Crowdfunding". www.sec.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
  103. CHRISTINE LAGORIO-CHAFKIN (23 October 2013). "Historic Crowdfunding Rules Proposed--Finally". Inc. MANSUETO VENTURES. Retrieved 24 October 2013.
  104. Stacy Cowley (May 14, 2016). "New Crowdfunding Rules Let the Small Fry Swim With Sharks". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
  105. "Crowdfunding state by state? – William Carleton, Counselor @ Law". Wac6.com. 2013-03-08. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  106. "Office of the Kansas Securities Commissioner, KS – Invest Kansas". Ksc.ks.gov. 2013-06-21. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  108. McGlade, Alan (December 31, 2013). "Michigan Governor Signs Intrastate Crowdfunding Exemption". Forbes.
  109. "Wisconsin Legislature: 2013 Wisconsin Act 52". docs.legis.wisconsin.gov. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  110. "House Bill 2023" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  111. "Invest NC Exemption" (PDF). Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  112. "State Crowdfunding Law". State Crowdfunding Law. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  113. Murphy, Patrick; Melissa York, Godfrey & Kahn S.C. (December 21, 2013). "New Tools for Raising Capital at Community Bank Holding Companies: General Solicitation and Crowdfunding". The National Law Review. Retrieved December 30, 2013.
  114. http://www.wdfi.org/_resources/indexed/site/fi/securities/CrowdFundingAdvisory.pdf
  115. https://www.sec.gov/rules/proposed/2013/33-9470.pdf
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.