Ernesto Sabato

Ernesto Sabato was born on June 24, 1911, in Rojas, Buenos Aires Province, son of Francesco Sabato and Giovanna Maria Ferrari, Italian immigrants from Calabria. His father was from Fuscaldo, and his mother was an Arbëreshë (Albanian minority in Italy) from San Martino di Finita.[5] He was the tenth of a total of eleven children. Being born after his ninth brother's death, he carried on his name "Ernesto".[6]

In 1924 he finished primary school in Rojas and settled in the city of La Plata for his secondary education at the Colegio Nacional de La Plata. There he met professor Pedro Henríquez Ureña, an early inspiration for his writing career.[7] In 1929 he started college, attending the School of Physics and Mathematics at the Universidad Nacional de La Plata.

He was an active member in the Reforma Universitaria movement,[8] founding "Insurrexit Group" in 1933 – of communist ideals – together with Héctor P. Agosti, Ángel Hurtado de Mendoza and Paulino González Alberdi, among others.[9]

In 1933 he was elected Secretario General of the Federación Juvenil Comunista (Communist Youth Federation).[10] While attending a lecture about Marxism he met Matilde Kusminsky Richter, aged 17, who would leave her parents' house to live with Sabato.[11]

In 1934 he started to doubt communism and Joseph Stalin's regime. The Communist Party of Argentina, which had noted this, sent him to the International Lenin School for two years. According to Sabato, "it was a place where either you recovered or ended up in a gulag or psychiatric hospital".[12] Before arriving at Moscow, he traveled to Brussels as a delegate from the Communist Party of Argentina at the "Congress against Fascism and the War". Once there, fearing not coming back from Moscow, he left the congress to escape to Paris.[12] It was there where he wrote his first novel: La Fuente Muda, which remains unpublished.[10][12] Once back in Buenos Aires, in 1936, he married Matilde Kusminsky Richter.

In 1938 he obtained his PhD in physics from the Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Thanks to Bernardo Houssay, he was granted a research fellowship in atomic radiation at the Curie Institute in Paris.[10] On May 25, 1938 Jorge Federico Sabato, his first son, was born. While in France he made contact with the surrealist movement, studying the works of Oscar Domínguez, Benjamin Péret, Roberto Matta Echaurren and Esteban Francés among others. This would have a deep influence on his future writing.[13]

During that time of antagonisms, I buried myself with electrometers and graduated cylinders during the morning and spent the nights in bars, with the delirious surrealists. At the Dome and in the Deux Magots, inebriated with those heralds of chaos and excess, we used to spend many hours creating exquisite cadavers.

— Ernesto Sabato.[6][13]

In 1939 he transferred to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Once in 1940 he came back to Argentina intent on leaving physics behind. However, serving an obligation to those responsible for his fellowship Sabato started teaching at the Universidad de La Plata for Engineering admission, and relativity and quantum mechanics for post graduate degrees. In 1943, due to an "existential crisis", he left science for good to become a full-time writer and painter.[12]

At the Curie Institute, one of the highest goals for a physicist, I found myself empty. Beaten up by disbelief, I kept going because of inertia, which my soul rejected.

— Ernesto Sabato[6]

In 1945, his second son, Mario Sabato was born.

Ernesto Sabato with Peruvian writer Mario Vargas Llosa in 1981

In 1941, Sabato published his first literary work, an article about La invención de Morel by Adolfo Bioy Casares, in the magazine Teseo from La Plata. Also, in concert with Pedro Henríquez Ureña, he published a collaboration in the renowned Sur magazine.

In 1942, working for Sur magazine reviewing books, he was put in charge of the "Calendario" section and participated in "Desagravio a Borges" in Sur nº 94. He also published articles for La Nación, and his translation of The Birth and Death of the Sun by George Gamow was published. The next year he published the translation for The ABC of Relativity by Bertrand Russell.

In 1945, his first book, Uno y el Universo, a series of essays criticizing the apparent moral neutrality of science and warning about dehumanization processes in technological societies, was published; with time he would turn towards a libertarian and humanist standing. That same year he was awarded a prize by the municipality of Buenos Aires for his book and the honor wand of the Sociedad Argentina de Escritores.

In 1948, after being rejected by several Buenos Aires' editors, Sabato published in Sur his first novel, El túnel, a psychological novel narrated in first-person. Framed in existentialism, it was met with enthusiastic reviews by Albert Camus, who had the book translated by Gallimard into French. It has been further translated to more than 10 languages.[14] Others to enjoy the book included Thomas Mann.[1][4]

France's literary industry named his book Abaddon, el Exterminador (The Angel of Darkness) as 1976's best foreign book.[1]

In 1998 his wife died.[15] In 1999 he acquired the Italian citizenship, in addition to his original Argentine one.[16]

Sabato died in Santos Lugares, on April 30, 2011, two months short of his 100th birthday.[17][18] His death was as a result of bronchitis according to his companion and collaborator Elvira González Fraga.[15] World reaction to his death said he had "surpassed the world of literature to gain a more iconic status".[3] El Mundo of Spain said he was "the last survivor of Argentine writers with a capital letter".[3]

• 1948: El túnel (Translated by Harriet de Onis in 1950 as The Outsider and again by Margaret Sayers Peden in 1988 as The Tunnel)
• 1961: Sobre héroes y tumbas (Translated by Helen R. Lane in 1981 as On Heroes and Tombs)
• 1974: Abaddón el exterminador (Translated by Andrew Hurley in 1991 as The Angel of Darkness)

• 1945: Uno y el Universo (One and the Universe)
• 1951: Hombres y engranajes (Man and Mechanism)
• 1953: Heterodoxia (Heterodoxy)
• 1956: El caso Sabato. Torturas y libertad de prensa. Carta abierta al General Aramburu (The Sabato Case. Tortures and Liberty of Press. Open Letter to General Aramburu)
• 1956: El otro rostro del peronismo (The Other Face of Peronism)
• 1963: El escritor y sus fantasmas (Translated by Asa Zatz in 1990 as The Writer in the Catastrophe of our Time.)
• 1963: Tango, discusión y clave (Tango: Discussion and Key)
• 1967: Significado de Pedro Henríquez Ureña (Significance of Pedro Henríquez Ureña)
• 1968: Tres aproximaciones a la literatura de nuestro tiempo: Robbe-Grillet, Borges, Sartre (Three Approximations to the Literature of our Time: Robbe-Grillet, Borges, Sartre)
• 1973: La cultura en la encrucijada nacional (Culture in the National Crossroads)
• 1976: Diálogos con Jorge Luis Borges (Dialogues with Jorge Luis Borges) (Edited by Orlando Barone)
• 1979: Apologías y rechazos (Apologies and Rebuttals)
• 1979: Los libros y su misión en la liberación e integración de la América Latina (Books and their Mission in the Liberation and Integration of Latin America)
• 1988: Entre la letra y la sangre. Conversaciones con Carlos Catania (Between Letter and Blood. Conversations with Carlos Catania)
• 1998: Antes del fin (Before the End)

Antes del fin is an autobiography in which he recounts his life and the influences on his political and ethical opinions. Sabato discusses the ill effects of globalization and the exalting of rationalism and materialism. There are also several tender passages about his school experiences in the 1920s (when there was more idealism, Sabato says), about his deceased wife and son, Matilde and Jorge, and about the struggling workers he meets on the streets of Buenos Aires.

• 2000: La resistencia (The Resistance)
• 2004: España en los diarios de mi vejez (Spain in the Diaries of my Old Age)

• 1964: Itinerario (Itinerary)
• 1966: Romance de la muerte de Juan Lavalle. Cantar de Gesta (Romance of Juan Lavalle's Death. Cantar de gesta)
• 1984: Nunca más. Informe de la Comisión Nacional sobre la desaparición de personas (Never Again. Report from the National Commission on the Disappearance of Persons)