European Spallation Source

When the ISIS neutron source was built in England in 1985, its radical success in producing indirect images of molecular structures eventually raised the possibility of a far more powerful spallation source. By 1993, the European Neutron Scattering Association began to advocate what would be the most ambitious and broad-based spallation source in the world, ESS.[1]

Neutron science soon became a critical tool in the development of industrial and consumer products worldwide. So much so that the Organization for Economic Development (OECD), declared in 1999 that a new generation of high-intensity neutron sources should be built, one each in North America, Asia and Europe.[1] Europe's challenge was its diverse collection of national governments, and an active research community numbering in the thousands. In 2001, a European roadmap for developing accelerator driven systems for nuclear waste incineration estimated that the ESS could have the beam ready for users in 2010.[2] A European international task force gathered in Bonn in 2002 to review the findings and a positive consensus emerged to build ESS. The stakeholders group met a year later to review the task force's progress, and in 2003 a new design concept was adopted that set the course for beginning operations by 2019.[1]

Over the next five years a competitive and yet collaborative site selection process played out and Lund, Sweden was chosen as the preferred site; the definitive selection of Lund was announced in Brussels on 28 May 2009.[1] On 1 July 2010, the staff and operations of ESS Scandinavia were transferred from Lund University to 'European Spallation Source ESS AB', a limited liability company set up to design, construct and operate the European Spallation Source in Lund. The company's headquarters are situated in central Lund.[3]

ESS became a European Research Infrastructure Consortium, or ERIC, on 1 October 2015. The Founding Members of the European Spallation Source ERIC are the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.[4]

As of 2013 the estimated cost of the facility will be about €1.843 bn. Host nations Sweden and Denmark plan to give about half of the sum. However the negotiations about the exact contributions from every partner are still in progress.[5] From 2010 to 30 September 2015, ESS was operated as a Swedish aktiebolag, or AB.[1]

The ESS uses a linear accelerator[11] (linac) to accelerate a beam of protons from the exit of its ion source at 75 keV to 2 GeV, at the entrance of the accelerator protons are traveling at ~1% of the speed of light and at the end of the accelerator, they reach a velocity of ~95% speed of light. The accelerator uses both normal conducting and superconducting cavities.

The normal conducting cavities are Radio Frequency Quadrupole, RFQ, working at a frequency of 352.21 MHz, and accelerating the proton beam up to an energy of 3.62 MeV. The next structure is a transport line for the medium energy protons, MEBT which transports the beam from the RFQ to the next structure for further acceleration. In the MEBT the beam properties are measured, the beam is cleaned from the transverse halo around the beam, and also the head and tail of the beam pulse are cleaned using a transversally deflecting electromagnetic chopper. The Drift Tube Linac, DTL, which is the structure downstream of the MEBT accelerates the beam further to ~90 MeV. At this energy, there is a transition from normal conducting cavities to superconducting cavities.

Three families of superconducting cavities accelerate the beam to its final energy of 2 GeV, firstly a section using double-spoke cavities up to an energy of ~216 Mev, then two families of elliptical cavities which are optimized for medium and high energy proton acceleration at a frequency of 704.42 MHz. Following the elliptical cavities, a transfer-line guides the beam to the target, and just before sending the beam to the target for producing spallation neutrons expands the beam and paints the target to dissipate the generated heat over a larger area.

The linac repetition rate is 14 Hz, and the pulses of protons are 2.86 ms long, making the duty factor of the linac 4%. The beam current within the pulse is 62.5 mA, and the average beam current is 2.5 mA.

Except in the RFQ which uses the same structure and field to accelerate and focus the beam, the transverse focusing of the beam of protons is performed using magnetic lenses. In the low energy beam transport, right after the ion source, magnetic solenoids are used, in the DTL permanent quadrupole magnets are used and the rest of the linac uses electromagnetic quadrupoles.

• The ESS source will be built around a solid tungsten target, cooled by helium gas.[12][13][14]
• Radioactive substances will be generated by the spallation process, but the solid target makes the handling of these materials easier and safer than if a liquid target had been used.
• ESS, E.on, and Lunds Energi are collaborating in a project aiming to get the facility to be the world's first completely sustainable large-scale research centre through investment in wind power.[15] The ESS project is expected to include an extension of the Nysted Wind Farm.
• Radioactive material storage and transport will be required, but the need is much less than that of a nuclear reactor.
• More information on the ESS licensing process can be found here.
• ESS expects to be CO₂-neutral.[16]
• Recent design improvements will decrease energy usage at ESS.[17][18]

ESS has 15 instruments in its construction budget. They are

Diffraction:

• DREAM (Bispectral Powder Diffractometer)
• HEIMDAL (Hybrid Diffractometer)
• MAGiC (Magnetism Single Crystal Diffractometer)
• NMX (Macromolecular Crystallography)

Spectroscopy:

• BIFROST (Extreme Environment Spectrometer)
• CSPEC (Cold Chopper Spectrometer)
• MIRACLES (Backscattering Spectrometer)
• T-REX (Bispectral Chopper Spectrometer)
• VESPA (Vibrational Spectrometer)

Large-scale structures:

• ESTIA (Focusing Reflectometer)
• FREIA (Liquids Reflectometer)
• LoKI (Broadband Small Angle Neutron Scattering)
• SKADI (General Purpose Small Angle Neutron Scattering)

Engineering and Imaging:

• BEER (Engineering Diffractometer)
• ODIN (Multi-Purpose Imaging)

• ISIS neutron source — Europe's only pulsed spallation source
• J-PARC - The world's most powerful spallation source, located in Japan
• MAX IV — synchrotron radiation facility in Lund
• Spallation Neutron Source

• S. Peggs et al. ESS Technical Design Report, April 2013.
• European Spallation Source. European Spallation Source Activity Report 2015, April 2015.
• European Spallation Source. Feature Series: The ESS Instrument Suite, 2014–2015.
• Hallonsten, O. 2012. Introduction: In pursuit of a Promise. In O. Hallonsten (ed.) In pursuit of a Promise: Perspectives on the political process to establish the European Spallation Source (ESS) in Lund, Sweden (pp 11–19). Lund: Arkiv Academic Press, 2012, p. 12.
• Prolingheuer, N.; Herbst, M.; Heuel-Fabianek, B.; Moormann, R.; Nabbi, R.; Schlögl, B., Vanderborght, J. 2009: Estimating Dose Rates from Activated Groundwater at Accelerator Sites. Nuclear Technology, Vol. 168, No. 3, Dec. 2009, p. 924-930
• Heuel-Fabianek, B. 2014: Partition Coefficients (Kd) for the Modelling of Transport Processes of Radionuclides in Groundwater (PDF; 9,4 MB) JÜL-Berichte, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Nr. 4375, 2014, ISSN 0944-2952
• T. Parker. ESS Environmental Design Report, January 2013.

• European Spallation Source website. The most up-to-date source for information on the ESS project.
• Weekly updates of the construction of ESS and live webcams at the construction site.
• "EU FP7 Preparatory Phase Project". Archived from the original on 13 August 2010.
• essworkshop.org - See how the design of instrumentation for a future ESS-Scandinavia is moving forward.
• BrightnESS, EU grant project in support of ESS.
• SREss, EU grant project in support of ESS.