Flora of Japan

The evergreen forest zone can be found along the coasts of the southern half of Japan and is most common zone in the Ryukyu Islands, Shikoku and, Kyushu as well as parts of southwestern Honshu with equal longitude.[3] This region rises up to an elevation of 750 meters near Tokyo.[4] At the coasts, the dominant forest canopy species are Castanopsis cuspidata and Machilus thunbergii. Inland, trees belonging to the genus Quercus are dominant. In lower layers, trees and shrub species include Camellia japonica, Neolitsea sericea, Aucuba japonica, and Eurya japonica. It is a characteristic of this zone that all these are evergreen species.[4]

These forests can be found in central Japan above 1,000 meters altitude and throughout parts of Hokkaido at elevations between 700 and 1,600 meters. These forests are also called Fagus crenata forests due to the prevalence of this tree species. On the western side, common species include Daphniphyllum macropodum, Cephalotaxus harringtonii, and Aucuba japonica. On the eastern side facing the Pacific Ocean, important species include Ulmus japonica, Arachniodes standishii , and Laportea macrostachya. This region has been particularly affected by human development and clearing of natural forests. Cleared lands tend to be replanted with Larix kaempferi, Cryptomeria japonica , and Chamaecyparis obtusa.[4]

In Honshu, from 1,600 to 2,500 meters, and Hokkaido at slightly lower altitudes, character species in the subalpine zone are Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Vaccinium ovalifolium, Neottia cordata, Coptis trifolia. Distinguishing trees include Abies mariesii, Larix kaempferi, and Tsuga diversifolia.[4]

Above 2500 meters, vegetation has to contend with significant snowfall and high winds. Genera that can survive in these conditions include Phyllodoce and Harrimanella.[4]