Flying Cloud (clipper)

Flying Cloud was a clipper ship that set the world's sailing record for the fastest passage between New York and San Francisco, 89 days 8 hours. The ship held this record for over 130 years, from 1854 to 1989.

Flying Cloud
The Clipper Ship "Flying Cloud" off the Needles, Isle of Wight 1859–1860, by James E. Buttersworth
History
United States
Owner: Grinnell, Minturn & Co, New York
Builder: Donald McKay of East Boston, Massachusetts
Cost: $90,000
Launched: 1851
United Kingdom
Owner: James Baines & Co., Black Ball Line, Liverpool
Acquired: 1862
Owner: Harry Smith Edwards, South Shields, England
Acquired: 19 April 1871
Out of service: 1875
Fate: Went aground, Beacon Island Bar, Saint John, New Brunswick, 1874; burned for iron and copper fastenings
General characteristics
Type: Clipper
Tonnage:
  • 1,782 tons (US)
  • 1,098 NRT (UK)[1]
Length:
  • 225 ft (69 m) LOD (US)
  • 221.1 ft (67.4 m) Register Length (UK)[1]
Beam:
  • 41 ft 8 in (12.70 m) (US)
  • 40.2 ft (12.3 m) (UK)[1]
Depth:
  • 21 ft 6 in (6.55 m)(US)
  • 21.8 ft (6.6 m) (UK)[1]
Notes: US and UK measurements differ as measuring systems had slightly different rules.

Flying Cloud was the most famous of the clippers built by Donald McKay. She was known for her extremely close race with Hornet in 1853; for having a woman navigator, Eleanor Creesy, wife of Josiah Perkins Creesy who skippered Flying Cloud on two record-setting voyages from New York to San Francisco; and for sailing in the Australia and timber trades.

Construction
Lines of Flying Cloud

Flying Cloud was built in East Boston, Massachusetts, and intended for Enoch Train of Boston, who paid $50,000 for her construction. While still under construction, she was purchased by Grinnell, Minturn & Co., of New York, for $90,000, which represented a huge profit for Train & Co.[2]

A reporter for the Boston Daily Atlas of 25 April 1851 wrote, "If great length [235 ft.], sharpness of ends, with proportionate breadth [41 ft.] and depth, conduce to speed, the Flying Cloud must be uncommonly swift, for in all these she is great. Her length on the keel is 208 feet, on deck 225, and over all, from the knightheads to the taffrail, 235— extreme breadth of beam 41 feet, depth of hold 21½, including 7 feet 8 inches height of between-decks, sea-rise at half-floor 20 inches, rounding of sides 6 inches, and sheer about 3 feet."[3] Flying Cloud is often called an extreme clipper, as are many of Donald McKay's ships, even though her dead rise was only 30 inches.[4]

World record voyage to San Francisco during Gold Rush
Drawing of Flying Cloud from a 1919 book on China Clippers

Within six weeks of launch Flying Cloud sailed from New York, rounded Cape Horn and made San Francisco in 89 days, 21 hours under the command of Captain Josiah Perkins Cressey. In July, during the trip, she ran 284, 374 and 334 nautical miles, a total of 992 nautical miles over the three consecutive days.[5] In 1854 she beat her own record by 13 hours, a record that stood until 1989 when the breakthrough-designed sloop Thursday's Child completed the passage in 80 days, 20 hours.[6] The record was once again broken in 2008 by the French racing yacht Gitana 13, with a time of 43 days and 38 minutes.[7]

In the early days of the California Gold Rush, it took more than 200 days for a ship to travel from New York to San Francisco, a voyage of more than 16,000 miles. Flying Cloud's better-than-halving that time (only 89 days) was a headline-grabbing world record that the ship beat three years later, setting a record that lasted for 135 years.

Clipper ships were in great demand during the California Gold Rush, this card for the fifth voyage to San Francisco

Flying Cloud vs. Andrew Jackson

In newspaper accounts of the day, the clipper Andrew Jackson was acclaimed as holding the record passage to San Francisco. After careful scrutiny of the logbooks, Cutler concludes that a case can be made for either Flying Cloud or Andrew Jackson holding the record.

Andrew Jackson holds the record for fastest passage pilot-to-pilot, arriving at the San Francisco pilot grounds in 89 days and 4 hours. Because Andrew Jackson spent all night between the Farallon Islands and the Golden Gate awaiting a harbor pilot, some will consider this figure as the appropriate indicator of fastest sailing performance around Cape Horn.

However, Flying Cloud holds the record time for a completed voyage from New York to San Francisco, 89 days 8 hours anchor-to-anchor.[8]

Woman navigator

Flying Cloud's achievement was remarkable under any terms. But, writes David W. Shaw,[5] it was all the more unusual because her navigator was a woman, Eleanor Creesy, who had been studying oceanic currents, weather phenomena, and astronomy since her girlhood in Marblehead, Massachusetts. She was one of the first navigators to exploit the insights of Matthew Fontaine Maury, most notably the course recommended in his Sailing Directions. With her husband, ship captain Josiah Perkins Creesy, she logged many thousands of miles on the ocean, traveling around the world carrying passengers and goods. In the wake of their record-setting transit from New York to California, Eleanor and Josiah became instant celebrities. But their fame was short-lived and their story quickly forgotten. Josiah died in 1871 and Eleanor lived far from the sea until her death in 1900.

Race with clipper Hornet in 1853

Hornet had a two-day head start on Flying Cloud in their famous 1853 race. She left New York for San Francisco, 26 April 1853, with Flying Cloud departing two days later.

After the roughly 15,000-mile voyage around Cape Horn, both ships arrived in San Francisco harbor 106 days later at almost the same time, with Hornet sailing in just 45 minutes ahead of the Flying Cloud.[9]

British clipper to Australia and New Zealand, New Brunswick timber trade
Drawing of Flying Cloud from a 1913 book on clipper ships

In 1862, Flying Cloud was sold to the Black Ball Line, Liverpool, sailing under British colors without change of name, and was soon traveling between the mother country and Australia and New Zealand. Her latter years were spent in the log trade between Newcastle upon Tyne, England, and Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.

Loss of the ship

On 19 June 1874, Flying Cloud went ashore on the Beacon Island bar, Saint John, New Brunswick, and was condemned and sold.[10] The following June she was burned for the scrap metal value of her copper and iron fastenings.[11]

Ballad

A well-known ballad about a ship named Flying Cloud tells the story of an Irishman who was pressed into sailing on the ship on a slaving voyage from Baltimore via Bermuda to West Africa, which led to another voyage as a pirate ship that resulted in the execution of the crew at Newgate. However, these events are nothing to do with the actual history of the clipper ship.[12][13]

Novels and books
  • Lyon, Margaret; Reynolds, Flora Elizabeth (1992). The Flying Cloud, and her first passengers. Oakland, California: Mills College. OCLC 27204043.
  • Shaw, David W. (2000). Flying Cloud: the true story of America's most famous clipper ship and the woman who guided her (1st ed.). New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-16793-4.
  • Sperry, Armstrong (2007). All Sail Set: A Romance of the Flying Cloud. Paw Prints. ISBN 978-1-4352-0042-5.

Notes
  1. MacGregor, David R. (1983). The Tea Clippers, Their History and Development 1833-1875. Conway Maritime Press Limited. p. 75. ISBN 0 85177 256 0.
  2. "The Clipper Flying Cloud", Era of the Clipper Ships (mirrored here Archived 17 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
  3. The Maritime Heritage Project; D. Blethen Adams Levy (2008). "Clipper Ships in San Francisco". The Maritime Heritage Project. Retrieved 10 November 2010.
  4. Knoblock, Glenn A. The American clipper ship, 1845-1920 : a comprehensive history, with a listing of builders and their ships. pp. 19–20. ISBN 978-0-7864-7112-6.
  5. Shaw, David W. (2000). Flying Cloud: the true story of America's most famous clipper ship and the woman who guided her (1st ed.). New York: William Morrow. ISBN 0-688-16793-4.
  6. Fisher, Lawrence M. (13 February 1989). "Thursday's Child Sails In, Sets Mark". The New York Times. New York edition. pp. C2. Retrieved 3 March 2010.
  7. "WSSR Newsletter No. 146".
  8. Cutler, Carl C. (1960). Greyhounds of the Sea. Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute. pp. 360–368.
  9. Bruzelius, Lars (2 January 1996). "Clipper Ships: "Hornet" (1851)". Hornet. The Maritime History Virtual Archives. Retrieved 7 June 2010.
  10. Hough, Izak J. H. "Flying Cloud". Model Shipyard (The). Retrieved 20 July 2010.
  11. "Flying Cloud Clipper Ship". National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 22 July 2008.
  12. Beck, Horace P. "The Riddle of The Flying Cloud". 66: 123–133. JSTOR 537325. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. Laws K28. No historical basis known. Horace P. Beck, 'The Riddle of "The Flying Cloud", Journal of American Folklore, 66 (1953), pp. 123-33, is a thorough study of the ballad.
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