Frank Wilczek

Born in Mineola, New York, Wilczek is of Polish and Italian origin.[1] His grandparents were immigrants, who "really did work with their hands," according to Wilczek, but Frank's father took night school classes to educate himself, working as a repairman to support his family.[5] Wilczek's father became a "self-taught engineer," whose interests in technology and science inspired his son.[6]

Wilczek was educated in the public schools of Queens, attending Martin Van Buren High School. It was around this time Wilczek's parents realized that he was exceptional—in part as a result of Frank Wilczek having been administered an IQ test.[7]

After skipping two grades, Wilczek started high school in the 10th grade, when he was 13 years old. He was particularly inspired by two of his high school physics teachers, one of whom taught a course that helped students with the national Westinghouse Science Talent Search. Wilczek was a finalist in 1967 and ultimately won fourth place, based on a mathematical project involving group theory.[8][9]

He received his Bachelor of Science in Mathematics and membership in Phi Beta Kappa[10] at the University of Chicago in 1970. During his last year at Chicago, he attended a group theory course taught by Peter Freund, which discussed many of the then-exciting ideas about particle physics.[5]

Wilczek went to Princeton as a mathematics graduate student. After a year and a half, he transferred from mathematics to physics, with David Gross as his thesis advisor.[5]

He earned a Master of Arts in Mathematics in 1972 and a Ph.D. in physics in 1974, both from Princeton University [11]

Wilczek met Betsy Devine at Princeton, when both watched the televised 1972 Fisher-Spassky chess matches.[12] They married on July 3, 1973, and together they have two daughters, Amity (Academic Dean at Deep Springs College) and Mira (senior partner at Link Ventures.)

Wilczek was raised Catholic but later "lost faith in conventional religion".[1] He has been described as an agnostic[13] but tweeted in 2013 that "pantheist" is "closer to the mark".[14]

Wilczek said that "the world embodies beautiful ideas" but "although this may inspire a spiritual interpretation, it does not require one".[15][16]

Wilczek is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board for the Future of Life Institute, an organization that works to mitigate existential risks facing humanity, particularly existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence.[17]

In 2014, Wilczek penned a letter, along with Stephen Hawking and two other scholars, warning that "Success in creating AI would be the biggest event in human history. Unfortunately, it might also be the last, unless we learn how to avoid the risks."[18]

Wilczek is also a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organization which advocates for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.[19]

Wilczek is on the board for Society for Science & the Public. He is a co-founding member of the Kosciuszko Foundation of the Collegium of Eminent Scientists of Polish Origin and Ancestry.[20]

Wilczek has appeared on an episode of Penn & Teller: Bullshit!, where Penn referred to him as "the smartest person [they have] ever had on the show."

In 1982, he was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship.[21]

Wilczek was elected as a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 1990 and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1993.[22][23]

Wilczek became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2000.[24] He was awarded the Lorentz Medal in 2002. Wilczek won the Lilienfeld Prize of the American Physical Society in 2003. In the same year he was awarded the Faculty of Mathematics and Physics Commemorative Medal from Charles University in Prague. He was the co-recipient of the 2003 High Energy and Particle Physics Prize of the European Physical Society. The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004 was awarded jointly to David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction." Wilczek was also the co-recipient of the 2005 King Faisal International Prize for Science. In that same year, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.[25] On January 25, 2013, Wilczek received an honorary doctorate from the Faculty of Science and Technology at Uppsala University, Sweden.[26]

Wilczek holds the Herman Feshbach Professorship of Physics at MIT Center for Theoretical Physics. He has also worked at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and the Institute for Theoretical Physics at the University of California, Santa Barbara and was also a visiting professor at NORDITA.

In 1973, while a graduate student working with David Gross at Princeton University, Wilczek (together with Gross) discovered asymptotic freedom, which holds that the closer quarks are to each other, the less the strong interaction (or color charge) between them; when quarks are in extreme proximity, the nuclear force between them is so weak that they behave almost as free particles. The theory, which was independently discovered by H. David Politzer, was important for the development of quantum chromodynamics. According to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences when awarding Wilczek its Lorentz Medal in 2002,[27]

This [asymptotic freedom] is a phenomenon whereby the building blocks which make up the nucleus of an atom - 'quarks' - behave as free particles when they are close together, but become more strongly attracted to each other as the distance between them increases. This theory forms the key to the interpretation of almost all experimental studies involving modern particle accelerators.

The axion is a hypothetical elementary particle. If axions exist and have low mass within a specific range, they are of interest as a possible component of cold dark matter.

In 1977, Roberto Peccei and Helen Quinn postulated a solution to the strong CP problem, the Peccei–Quinn mechanism. This is accomplished by adding a new global symmetry (called a Peccei–Quinn symmetry.) When that symmetry is spontaneously broken, a new particle results, as shown independently by Wilczek and by Steven Weinberg.[28][29] Wilczek named this new hypothetical particle the "axion" after a brand of laundry detergent,[30] while Weinberg called it "Higglet." Weinberg later agreed to adopt Wilczek's name for the particle.[31]

Although most experimental searches for dark matter candidates have targeted WIMPs, there have also been many attempts to detect axions.[32] In June, 2020, an international team of physicists working in Italy detected a signal that could be axions.[33][34]

In physics, an anyon is a type of quasiparticle that occurs only in two-dimensional systems, with properties much less restricted than fermions and bosons. In particular, anyons can have properties intermediate between fermions and bosons, including fractional electric charge. This anything-goes behavior inspired Wilczek in 1982 to name them "anyons."[35]

In 1977, a group of theoretical physicists working at the University of Oslo, led by Jon Leinaas and Jan Myrheim, calculated that the traditional division between fermions and bosons would not apply to theoretical particles existing in two dimensions.[36] When Daniel Tsui and Horst Störmer discovered the fractional quantum Hall effect in 1982, Bertrand Halperin (1984) expanded the math Wilczek proposed in 1982 for fractional statistics in two dimensions to help explain it.[37]

Frank Wilczek, Dan Arovas, and Robert Schrieffer analyzed the fractional quantum Hall effect in 1984, proving that anyons were required to describe it.[38][39]

In 2020, experimenters from the Ecole Normale Supérieure and from the Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies (C2N) reported in Science that they had made a direct detection of anyons.[38][40]

In 2012 he proposed the idea of a time crystal.[41] In 2018, several research teams reported the existence of time crystals.[42] In 2018 he and Qing-Dong Jiang calculated that the so-called "quantum atmosphere" of materials should theoretically be capable of being probed using existing technology such as diamond probes with nitrogen-vacancy centers.[43][44]

• "Pure" particle physics: connections between theoretical ideas and observable phenomena;
• behavior of matter: phase structure of quark matter at ultra-high temperature and density; color superconductivity;
• application of particle physics to cosmology;
• application of field theory techniques to condensed matter physics;
• quantum theory of black holes.

• 2021 Fundamentals: Ten Keys to Reality, Penguin press (272 p.) ISBN 978-0735223790
• 2015 A Beautiful Question: Finding Nature’s Deep Design,(448pp), Allen Lane, ISBN 9781846147012
• 2014 (with Stephen Hawking, Max Tegmark and Stuart Russell). "Transcending Complacency on Superintelligent Machines". Huffington Post.
• 2008. The Lightness of Being: Mass, Ether, and the Unification of Forces. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-00321-1.
• 2007. La musica del vuoto. Roma: Di Renzo Editore.
• 2006. Fantastic Realities: 49 Mind Journeys And a Trip to Stockholm. World Scientific. ISBN 978-981-256-655-3.
• 2002, "On the world's numerical recipe (an ode to physics)," Daedalus 131(1): 142–47.
• 1989 (with Betsy Devine). Longing for the Harmonies: Themes and Variations from Modern Physics. W W Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30596-8.

• 1988. Geometric Phases in Physics.
• 1990. Fractional Statistics and Anyon Superconductivity.