German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II

Soviet map made in 1940: only months earlier Poland's territories (marked in yellow) were invaded by the Soviet Union. All Polish cities annexed to the Belorussian SSR are renamed in Russian, and the size of the SSR is nearly doubled. The Soviet historiography believes that this map constitutes Belarus during World War II, not the eastern Kresy

The Soviet and Belarusian historiographies study the subject of German occupation in the context of contemporary Belarus, regarded as the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR), a constituent republic of the Soviet Union in the 1941 borders as a whole. Polish historiography insists on special, even separate treatment for the East Lands of the Poland in the 1921 borders (alias "Kresy Wschodnie" alias West Belarus), which were incorporated into the BSSR after the Soviet invaded Poland on 17 September 1939. More than 100,000 people of different ethnic backgrounds, mostly Poles and Jews in West Belarus, were imprisoned, executed or transported to the eastern USSR by Soviet authorities before the German invasion. The NKVD (Soviet secret police) killed more than 1,000 prisoners in June/July 1941, for example, in Chervyen, Hlybokaye and Vileyka. These crimes stoked anti-Communist feelings in the Belarusian population and were used by German anti-Semitic propaganda.

After twenty months of Soviet rule in Western Belarus and Western Ukraine, Nazi Germany and its Axis allies invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. Eastern Belarus suffered particularly heavily during the fighting and German occupation. Following bloody encirclement battles, all of the present-day Belarus territory was occupied by the Germans by the end of August 1941. With Poland regarding the Soviet annexation as illegal, the majority of Polish citizens did not ask for Soviet citizenship from 1939 to 1941, and as a result were Polish citizens under Soviet and later German occupation.

A column of Soviet POWs captured near Minsk is marched west

In the early days of the occupation, a powerful and increasingly well-coordinated Soviet partisan movement emerged. Hiding in the woods and swamps, the partisans inflicted heavy damage to German supply lines and communications, disrupting railway tracks, bridges, telegraph wires, attacking supply depots, fuel dumps and transports, and ambushing Axis soldiers. In one of the most successful partisan sabotage actions of the entire Second World War, the so-called Asipovichy diversion of 30 July 1943, four German trains with supplies and Tiger tanks were destroyed. To fight partisan activity, the Germans had to withdraw considerable forces behind their front line. On 22 June 1944, the huge Soviet Strategic Offensive Operation Bagration was launched, finally regaining all of Belarus by the end of August.

Germany imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 people for slave labour, and killing hundreds of thousands of civilians more. The population was to be exterminated for German colonization. At least 5,295 Belarusian settlements were destroyed by the Nazis and some or all their inhabitants killed (out of 9,200 settlements that were burned or otherwise destroyed in Belarus during World War II).[1] More than 600 villages like Khatyn were annihilated with their entire population.[1] Altogether, over 1 million were killed in Belarus during the three years of German occupation.[1][2][3]

A 2017 study found "that Soviet partisan attacks against German personnel provoked reprisals against civilians but that attacks against railroads had the opposite effect. Where partisans focused on disrupting German supply lines rather than killing Germans, occupying forces conducted fewer reprisals, burned fewer houses, and killed fewer people."[4]

Belarusian Central Rada, Minsk, June 1943.

On the way to the railway station in Minsk young people from Belarus march past the chairman of the Belarusian Central Council, Professor Radasłaŭ Astroŭski. They are going to be trained in Germany for military action, Minsk, June 1944.

Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski and Ordnungspolizei, Minsk, ca. 1943

A hanged Belarusian resistance member, Minsk, 1942/1943.

Belarusian Auxiliary Police, Mohylew, March 1943.

Mass murder of Soviet civilians near Minsk, 1943

Nazi units

14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Galicia (1st Ukrainian), summer, 1943

• 14th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Galicia (1st Ukrainian)
• 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS RONA (1st Russian)
• 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Belarussian)
• 30th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Russian)
• 36th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS
• Einsatzgruppen
• Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
• Byelorussian Auxiliary Police

The largest Jewish ghetto in Soviet Belarus before the conclusion of World War II was the Minsk Ghetto, created by the Germans shortly after the invasion began. Almost the whole, previously numerous Jewish population of Belarus which did not evacuate east ahead of the German advance was killed during the Holocaust by bullet. The list of eradicated Jewish ghettos in Nazi-Soviet occupied Poland extending eastward toward the border with the Soviet Belarus can be found at the Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland article.

Later in 1944, 30 German-trained Belarusians were airdropped behind the Soviet front line to spark disarray. These were known as "Čorny Kot" ("Black Cat") led by Michał Vituška. They had some initial success due to disorganization in the rear guard of Red Army. Other Belarusian units slipped through Białowieża Forest and full scale guerilla war erupted in 1945. But the NKVD infiltrated these units and neutralized them until 1957.

In total, Belarus lost a quarter of its pre-war population in the Second World War, including practically all its intellectual elite. About 9,200 villages and 1,200,000 houses were destroyed. The major towns of Minsk and Vitebsk lost over 80% of their buildings and city infrastructure. For the defense against the Germans, and the tenacity during the German occupation, the capital Minsk was awarded the title Hero City after the war. The fortress of Brest was awarded the title Hero-Fortress.

• Eastern Front (World War II)
• Katyn massacre: slaughter of Polish officers
• Khatyn massacre: slaughter of Belarus civilians
• Maly Trostenets extermination camp
• Military history of Belarus during World War II
• Operation Tempest
• Narodowe Siły Zbrojne
• Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union
• Slutsk Affair
• Soviet partisan
• Come and See

• Beorn, Waitman Wade (2014). Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust in Belarus. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674725508.
• Exeler, Franziska. "What Did You Do during the War?" Kritika: Explorations in Russian & Eurasian History (Fall 2016) 17#4 pp 805–835; examines popular behaviour in Byelorussia under the Germans, using oral history, letters of complaint, memoirs and secret police and party reports.
• Gerlach, Christian (2000). Kalkulierte Morde: die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weißrußland 1941 bis 1944 (1st ed.). Hamburg: Hamburger Ed. ISBN 3930908638.
• Marples, David R. (2014). "Our Glorious Past": Lukashenka's Belarus and the Great Patriotic War. Stuttgart: Ibidem-Verlag. ISBN 9783838206752.
• Mulligan, Timothy Patrick (1988). The Politics of Illusion and Empire: German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1942-1943. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0275928377.
• Rein, Leonid (2013). The Kings and the Pawns: Collaboration in Byelorussia during World War II. New York: Berghahn. ISBN 978-1782380474.
• Slepyan, Kenneth (2006). Stalin's Guerrillas: Soviet Partisans in World War II. Lawrence, Kan.: Univ. Press of Kansas. ISBN 978-0700614806.
• Snyder, Timothy (2012). Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 978-0465031474.
• Tec, Nechama (2009). Defiance: The Bielski Partisans, The Story of the Largest Armed Resistance by Jews During World War II (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195376852.

• Belarus at European Holocaust Research Infrastructure (EHRI)