Glossary of motion picture terms
This glossary of motion picture terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts related to motion pictures, filmmaking, cinematography, and the film industry in general.
0–9
- 180-degree rule
- A basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character and another character or object within a scene. By keeping the camera on one side of an imaginary axis between two characters, the first character is always frame right of the second character. Moving the camera over the axis is called jumping the line or crossing the line; breaking the 180-degree rule by shooting on all sides is known as shooting in the round.[1]
- 30-degree rule
- A basic film editing guideline that states the camera should move at least 30 degrees relative to the subject between successive shots of the same subject. If the camera moves less than 30 degrees, the transition between shots may look like a jump cut, which could jar the audience and take them out of the story by causing them to focus on the film technique rather than the narrative itself.[2]
- 3D film
- A type of motion picture that utilizes special filming techniques to create the illusion of depth perception, hence adding a third dimension.[3]
A
- A roll
- above-the-line
- The list of individuals who guide and influence the creative direction, process, and voice of a given narrative in a film and related expenditures. These roles include but are not limited to the screenwriter, producer, director, and actors. Contrast below-the-line.[4]
- accelerated montage
- accent light
- acousmatic
- Sound that is heard without an originating cause being seen.
- action axis
- actor
- Any person, male or female, who portrays a character in a performance.[5]
- adaptation
- aerial perspective
- aerial shot
- alternate ending
- ambient light
- Any source of light that is not explicitly supplied by the cinematographer. The term usually refers to sources of light that are already "available" naturally (e.g. the Sun, Moon, lightning) or artificial light that is already being used (e.g. to light a room).[6]
- American night
- American shot
- A translation of a phrase from French film criticism, plan américain, which refers to a medium-long ("knee") film shot of a group of characters, who are arranged so that all are visible to the camera. The usual arrangement is for the actors to stand in an irregular line from one side of the screen to the other, with the actors at the end coming forward a little and standing more in profile than the others. The purpose of the composition is to allow complex dialogue scenes to be played out without changes in camera position.[7]
- anamorphic format
- anamorphic widescreen
- angle of light
- angle of view
- angle plus angle
- angular resolution
- animation
- animatronics
- answer print
- The first version of a given motion picture that is printed to film after color correction on an interpositive. It is also the first version of the movie printed to film with the sound properly synced to the picture.[8]
- aperture
- apple box
- art department
- artificial light
- ASA speed rating
- aspect ratio
- autofocus
- automatic dialogue replacement
- The process of re-recording dialogue by the original actor after the filming process to improve audio quality or reflect dialogue changes.[9][10] In India the process is simply known as "dubbing", while in the UK, it is also called "post-synchronisation" or "post-sync". The insertion of voice acting performances for animation, such as computer generated imagery or animated cartoons, is often referred to as ADR, although it generally does not replace existing dialogue.
- available light
- See ambient light.
- axial cut
- A type of jump cut, where the camera suddenly moves closer to or further away from its subject along an invisible line drawn straight between the camera and the subject.[11] While a plain jump cut typically involves a temporal discontinuity (an apparent jump in time), an axial cut is a way of maintaining the illusion of continuity.[12] Axial cuts are used rarely in contemporary cinema but were fairly common in the cinema of the 1910s and 1920s.[13]
B
- B movie
- B-roll
- baby plates
- backlighting
- backlot
- background actor
- See extra.
- background lighting
- balloon light
- barn doors
- beatscript
- below-the-line
- A term derived from the top sheet of a film budget for motion pictures, television programs, industrial films, independent films, student films and documentaries as well as commercials. The "line" in "below-the-line" refers to the separation of production costs between script and story writers, producers, directors, actors and casting (collectively referred to as "above-the-line") and the rest of the film crew or production team.[14]
- best boy
- In a film crew, an assistant to either of two department heads: the gaffer or the key grip (with the assistant sometimes referred to as the best boy electric or best boy grip, respectively).[15] The best boy acts as the foreman for his department.[16]
- billing
- bird's eye shot
- blocking
- The precise staging of actors in a way that facilitates the performance in a film.[17]
- bluescreen
- boom shot
- boomerang
- bounce board
- breaking down the script
- breathing
- bridging shot
- brightness (lighting)
- broad light
- broadside (lighting)
- bullet time
- butterfly
C
- C-clamp
- Callier effect
- cameo appearance
- cameo lighting
- A type of lighting whereby a spotlight accentuates a single character or other subject and sometimes a few props in a scene, so that the focus of the scene is on the subject and not its surrounding environment. It is often used to create an "angelic" shot, such as one where a light used to represent God or heaven shines down onto the character. Cameo lighting derives its name from the art form in which a light relief figure is set against a darker background. It is often achieved by using barn-doored spotlights. A problem with cameo lighting is that it can lead to color distortion and noise in the darkest areas.[18]
- camera angle
- The specific location and position from which a movie camera or video camera is oriented to take a shot. A single scene may be shot from several camera angles simultaneously.[19]
- camera boom
- camera crane
- camera coverage
- camera dolly
- camera operator
- camera stabilizer
- camera tracking
- candles per square foot
- casting
- casting director {defn
- Century stand
- A metal stand primarily used to position light modifiers such as silks, nets, or flags in front of light sources.
- character actor
- character animation
- choker shot
- chroma keying
- chromatic aberration
- CinemaDNG
- cinematographer
- cinematography
- The science or art of motion-picture photography by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either electronically by means of an image sensor or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as film stock.[20]
- clapboard
- clock wipe
- close shot
- close-up
- closing credits
- cold open
- color conversion filter
- color corrected fluorescent light
- color correction
- color gel
- color grading
- color rendering index
- color reversal internegative
- color temperature
- color timer
- compositing
- continuity
- continuity editing
- Cooke Triplet
- cost report
- craft services
- crane shot
- creative geography
- creature suit
- cross-cutting
- cross lighting
- cucoloris
- cutaway
- cut
- cut in
- cut out
- cutting on action
- A film editing and video editing technique where the editor cuts from one shot to another that matches the first shot's action.[21]
D
- daily call sheet
- The schedule crafted by the assistant director, using the director's shot list. It is issued to the cast and crew of a film production to inform them of when and where they should report for a particular day of filming.[22] The production schedule is usually listed by call time, the time when people are expected to start work on a film set.
- daily editor log
- daily production report
- daily progress report
- daily rushes
- day for night
- Day Out of Days
- A chart used by filmmakers to tally the number of paid days for each cast member.
- day player
- deadspot (lighting)
- deep focus
- delayed release
- depth of field
- depth of focus
- dialect coach
- dialogue editor
- dichroic lens
- diegetic sound
- diffraction
- digital audio
- digital cinema
- digital cinematography
- digital compositing
- digital film
- digital image processing
- digital intermediate
- digital negative
- Digital Picture Exchange
- digital projection
- dimmer (lighting)
- direct lighting
- director
- dissolve
- distribution
- DMX (lighting)
- documentary film
- A type of non-fiction motion picture intended to document some aspect of reality, primarily for the purposes of instruction, education, or maintaining a historical record.[23]
- dolly grip
- dolly shot
- dolly zoom
- double-system recording
- douser (lighting)
- drawn on film animation
- dubbing
- Dutch angle
- A type of camera shot where the camera is set at an angle on its roll axis so that the shot is composed with vertical lines at an angle to the side of the frame, or so that the horizon line of the shot is not parallel with the bottom of the camera frame. This produces a viewpoint akin to tilting one's head to the side.[24] In cinematography, the Dutch angle is one of many cinematic techniques used to portray psychological uneasiness or tension in the subject being filmed.
- dynamic composition
E
- edit decision list
- editing
- effects light
- electrotachyscope
- ellipsoidal reflector spot light
- establishing shot
- Any shot which sets up or establishes the context for a scene by showing the relationship between its important figures and objects.[21] It is often a long or extreme long shot at the beginning of a scene indicating where, and sometimes when, the remainder of the scene takes place.[25][26][27][28]
- executive producer
- external rhythm
- extra
- extreme close-up
- extreme long shot
- eye-level camera angle
- eyeline match
F
- F-number
- F-stop
- fade-in
- fade-out
- fast cutting
- fast motion
- feature film
- feature length
- field of view
- fill light
- film
- film budgeting
- film crew
- The collective term for a group of people hired by a film production company for the purpose of producing a film or motion picture. The crew is distinguished from the cast, which is generally understood to consist solely of the actors who appear in front of the camera or provide voices for characters in the film, as well as from the producers, who own at least a portion of the production company or the film's intellectual property rights.
- film criticism
- film finance
- film frame
- film gate
- film genre
- film inventory report
- film modification
- film plane
- film production
- film recorder
- film release
- film scanner
- film score
- film speed
- film stock
- film theory
- film transition
- film treatment
- filmmaking
- The process of making a film or motion picture, generally in the sense of a film intended for extensive theatrical exhibition. Filmmaking typically involves a large number of people and takes from a few months to several years to complete.
- filmography
- filter
- fine cut
- fisheye lens
- flashback
- flashforward
- flicker fusion threshold
- floodlight
- focal length
- focus
- focus puller
- Foley artist
- follow focus
- follow shot
- followspot light
- forced perspective
- footage
- fourth wall
- frame
- frame composition
- frame rate
- freeze frame shot
- Fresnel lens
- full frame
- full shot
H
- hanging miniature
- hard light
- head-on shot
- head shot
- heart wipe
- high-angle shot
- Is a cinematic technique where the camera looks down on the subject from a high angle and the point of focus often gets "swallowed up."[29] High-angle shots can make the subject seem vulnerable or powerless when applied with the correct mood, setting, and effects.[30] In film, they can make the scene more dramatic. If there is a person at high elevation who is talking to someone below them, this shot is often used.[31]
- high concept
- high-intensity discharge lamp
- high-key lighting
- hip hop montage
- hook
- Hydrargyrum Medium-Arc Iodide lamp
L
- L cut
- leading actor
- leitmotif
- lens flare
- letterbox
- limited release
- long shot
- long take
- low-angle shot
- low-key lighting
M
- Martini Shot
- A term used in Hollywood for the final shot set-up of the day. The Martini Shot was so named because "the next shot is out of a glass", referring to a post-wrap drink.[32]
- master shot
- match cut
- match moving
- medium close-up
- medium shot
- MIDI timecode
- mise-en-scène
- money shot
- montage
- Morris the Explainer
- A term referring to a fictional character (by whatever name) whose job it is to explain the plot or parts of a plot to other characters and the audience.
- mood lighting
- MOS
- motion picture
- motion picture content rating system
- movement mechanism
- movie camera
- multiple-camera setup
- multiple exposure
O
- one shot
- one liner schedule
- opening credits
- (for a film)
- opening shot
- (for a scene)
- over cranking
- over the shoulder shot (OTS)
P
- pan and scan
- panning
- persistence of vision
- phenakistiscope
- pillarboxing
- pitch
- plot device
- point of view shot
- POV shot
- point of view
- post-production
- The part of the filmmaking process that includes all stages of production occurring after shooting or recording the film's various scenes, sound effects, voice-overs, and/or other segments.
- pre-production
- principal photography
- producer
- production board
- production report
- production schedule
- production strip
R
- racking focus
- reaction shot
- read-through
- reel
- reflector
- Rembrandt lighting
- replay
- reveal
- reverse angle shot
- roadshow theatrical release
S
- scene
- screen direction
- screenplay
- screenwriter
- screenwriting
- script breakdown
- script supervisor
- scriptment
- sequence shot
- shot
- shot reverse shot
- shooting in the round
- shooting schedule
- shooting script
- single-camera setup
- slow cutting
- slow motion
- smash cut
- SMPTE timecode
- soft light
- sound design
- sound designer
- sound editor
- sound effect
- sound report
- spec script
- split edit
- split screen
- special effect
- special effects supervisor
- stage lighting
- stalker vision
- stand-in
- Steadicam
- A popular brand of camera-stabilizing mounts for film cameras invented by Garrett Brown and introduced in 1975 by Cinema Products Corporation. These mounts mechanically isolate the operator's movement, allowing for a smooth shot even when the camera moves over an irregular surface.
- step outline
- stop motion
- storyboard
- storyboard artist
- striplight
- stunt double
- stunt performer
- substitution splice
- supporting actor
T
- take
- test screening
- tilt
- Is a cinematographic technique in which the camera stays in a fixed position but rotates up/down in a vertical plane.[33] Tilting the camera results in a motion similar to someone raising or lowering their head to look up or down. It is distinguished from panning in which the camera is horizontally pivoted left or right. Pan and tilt can be used simultaneously.[34] In some situations the lens itself may be tilted with respect to the fixed camera body in order to generate greater depth of focus.[35][36]
- timecode
- A sequence of numeric codes generated at regular intervals by a timing synchronization system and commonly used in video production and other applications which require temporal coordination or logging of recordings or actions.
- time-lapse
- title sequence
- tracking shot
- trunk shot
- two shot
- typecasting
V
W
- walk and talk
- whip pan
- wide release
- Is a motion picture that is playing nationally. This is contrast to a film that is having premiere showings at a few cinemas, or is in limited release at selected cinemas in larger cities around the country. In the American film industry, a movie is considered by some to be a wide release when it plays in 600 cinemas or more in the United States and Canada.[37]
- widescreen
- wipe
- worm's eye view
- wrap
X
Z
- zoetrope
- One of several animation devices predating modern film techniques that produces the illusion of motion by displaying a sequence of drawings or photographs showing progressive phases of that motion.
- zoom
See also
References
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- "30 Degree Rule - Hollywood Lexicon". www.hollywoodlexicon.com.
- Cohen, 508-831-6665David S. (September 15, 2009). "Filmmakers like S3D's emotional wallop". Variety.
- "Film & TV Production Roles and Departments" (PDF). Retrieved 21 October 2014. Cite journal requires
|journal=(help) - "The dramatic world can be extended to include the 'author', the 'audience' and even the 'theatre'; but these remain 'possible' surrogates, not the 'actual' referents as such" (Elam 1980, 110).
- http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ambient%20light Dictionary.com online definition
- "Elements of Cinematography: Camera". www.utdallas.edu. University of Texas at Dallas. Retrieved 1 December 2015.
- Answer Print at Encyclopædia Britannica
- Cowdog (2009). "ADR: Hollywood Dialogue Recording Secrets". Creative COW Magazine. Creative COW. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
- Masters, Kim (31 January 2008). "The Dark Knight Without Heath Ledger: How will Warner Bros. sell a summer blockbuster marked by tragedy?". Slate. The Slate Group, LLC. Retrieved 30 July 2012.
- "Common editing terms explained". inspiredfilmandvideo.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 7 April 2010.
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- "What does 'below the line' mean in movie production?". How Stuff Works. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
- Taub, Eric (1994). Gaffers, Grips, and Best Boys. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 153. ISBN 0-312-11276-9.
- Being Human end credits, for example.
- Novak, Elaine Adams; Novak, Deborah (1996). Staging Musical Theatre. Cincinnati, Ohio: Betterway Books. ISBN 978-1-55870-407-7. OCLC 34651521.
- Television Production Handbook, Zettl, pg. 173.
- Ascher, Steven; Pincus, Edward (1999). The Filmmaker's Handbook: A Comprehensive Guide for the Digital Age. New York: Plume. p. 214. ISBN 9781573221320.
- Spencer, D A (1973). The Focal Dictionary of Photographic Technologies. Focal Press. p. 454. ISBN 978-0133227192.
- "Part 4: Editing". Film Analysis. Yale University. 27 August 2002. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010.
- "Call sheet". Merriam-Webster. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
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- "Glossary". The Art of the Guillotine. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
- Bruce Mamer (30 May 2013). Film Production Technique: Creating the Accomplished Image. Cengage Learning. pp. 8–. ISBN 978-1-285-71256-7.
- Jennifer Van Sijll; Van Sijll Jennifer (1 August 2005). Cinematic Storytelling. Michael Wiese Productions. pp. 160–. ISBN 978-1-61593-002-9.
- Popular Photography - ND. December 1949. pp. 131–.
- Strike the Baby and Kill the Blonde: An Insider's Guide to Film Slang, Dave Knox, Random House, 2005
- Howett, Dicky (2006). Television Innovations: 50 Technological Developments : a Personal Selection. Kelly Publications. p. 76. ISBN 9781903053225.
- Irving, David K.; Rea, Peter W. (2013-03-20). Producing and Directing the Short Film and Video. CRC Press. p. 175. ISBN 9781136048340.
- Huda, Anwar (2004). The Art and Science of Cinema. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 141. ISBN 9788126903481.
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- About Movie Box Office Tracking and Terms. Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2010-08-28.
External links
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