Heinkel He 51

The Heinkel He 51 was a German single-seat biplane which was produced in a number of different versions. It was initially developed as a fighter; a seaplane variant and a ground-attack version were also developed. It was a development of the earlier He 49.

He 51
Role Biplane fighter-bomber
Manufacturer Heinkel
First flight May 1933
Introduction July 1934
Retired 1939 (Luftwaffe) 1952 (Spanish Air Force)
Status Retired
Primary user Luftwaffe
Number built 700[1]

Design and development

In 1931, Heinkel recruited the talented aircraft designers Walter and Siegfried Günter. Their first major design for Heinkel was the Heinkel He 49.[2] While this was officially an advanced trainer,[3] in fact it was a fighter. The first prototype, the He 49a, flew in November 1932, and was followed by two further prototypes, the He 49b, with a longer fuselage, and the He 49c, with a revised engine.[2]

The type was ordered into production for the still secret Luftwaffe as the He 51, the first pre-production aircraft flying in May 1933.[4] Deliveries started in July of the next year.[4]

The He 51 was a conventional single-bay biplane, with all-metal construction and fabric covering. It was powered by a glycol-cooled BMW VI engine, with an armament of two 7,92 mm (.323 in) machine guns mounted above the engine.

The He 51 was intended to replace the earlier Arado Ar 65, but served side-by-side with the slightly later Ar 68. The He 51 was outdated the day it entered service, and after an initial run of 150 production fighters,[2] the design was switched into the modified He 51B, with approximately 450 built,[2] including about 46 He 51B-2 floatplanes,[5] and then finally a further 100 He 51C light ground-attack plane.[2]

Operational history
Heinkel He 51 C flown by Adolf Galland in Spanish Civil War

On 6 August 1936, six of the He 51s were delivered to Spain to fight in the Spanish Civil War along with the Nationalists.[6] Initial operations were successful, with the Heinkels meeting and defeating a number of older biplanes of the Spanish Republican Air Force, with two Nieuport Ni-52 fighters, a Breguet 19 and a Potez 54 destroyed on 18 August 1936, the first day of operations by Spanish-flown He 51s.[7] Deliveries continued as the hostilities increased, with two Nationalist squadrons equipped by November, and the Legion Condor forming three squadrons of 12 aircraft each manned by German "volunteers".[7]

This time of superiority was short lived, with the arrival of large numbers of modern aircraft from the Soviet Union, including the Polikarpov I-15 biplane and new Polikarpov I-16 monoplane,[8] together with the Tupolev SB bomber, which was 110 km/h (70 mph) faster.[9] The He 51 proved unable to protect the Legion Condor's bombers, forcing it to switch to night operations,[10] while also unable to intercept the much faster SB.[9] The He 51 was therefore withdrawn from fighter duty and relegated to the ground-attack role by both the Legion Condor and the Nationalists.[9][11] It was replaced in the fighter role by the Fiat CR.32 in the rebel Nationalist Air Force, with the Legion Condor receiving Messerschmitt Bf 109s from April 1937 to allow it to operate successfully in fighter operations.[12]

While a failure as a fighter, the Heinkel proved successful as a ground-attack aircraft, being used by Wolfram von Richthofen to develop the close support tactics which were used by the Luftwaffe in World War II.[13] It continued in use as a ground attack aircraft for the remainder of the Civil War, although losses were heavy. After the war, the 46 surviving aircraft would be joined by another 15 new builds, and serve in the utility role in Spain until 1952.

The He 51 continued in front-line service with the Luftwaffe until 1938, with it remaining in service as an advanced trainer for the first few years of World War II.[1]

Variants
He 49a
First prototype, with the short fuselage.
He 49b
Second prototype, with stretched fuselage. Tested as both landplane and floatplane.[14]
He 49c
Third prototype, with revised, glycol-cooled engine installation.[14]
He 51a
Fourth prototype, with new vertical tail, revised wings and undercarriage, new radiator.[14]
He 51A-0
Pre-production aircraft; 9 built.[14]
He 51A-1
Initial production version; 150 built.
He 51B-0
Pre-production aircraft structurally strengthened; 12 built.
He 51B-1
The production version of B-0; 450 built.
He 51B-2
Single-seat floatplane fighter, reconnaissance version; 46 built.
He 51B-3
High-altitude version.
He 51C-1
Light ground-attack version; 100 built, 79 sent to Spain to equip the Legion Condor and Nationalist air force.
He 51C-2
Improved version of C-1, with revised radio equipment; 21 built.
He 52
High altitude development of the He 51; one prototype built.[15]

Operators
Bulgarian Heinkel He-51B
 Bulgaria
 Germany
 Spanish State

Specifications (He 51B-1)

Data from Warplanes of the Luftwaffe[4]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 8.4 m (27 ft 7 in)
  • Wingspan: 11 m (36 ft 1 in)
  • Height: 3.2 m (10 ft 6 in)
  • Wing area: 27.2 m2 (293 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 1,460 kg (3,219 lb)
  • Gross weight: 1,900 kg (4,189 lb)
  • Powerplant: 1 × BMW VI 7.3 Z V-12 liquid-cooled piston engine, 559 kW (750 hp)
  • Propellers: 2-bladed variable-pitch propeller

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 330 km/h (210 mph, 180 kn)
  • Cruise speed: 280 km/h (170 mph, 150 kn)
  • Range: 570 km (350 mi, 310 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 7,700 m (25,300 ft)
  • Time to altitude: 1,000 m (3,281 ft) in 1 minute 24 seconds[17]
6,000 m (19,685 ft) in 16 minute 30 seconds[17]
  • Wing loading: 69.9 kg/m2 (14.3 lb/sq ft)
  • Power/mass: 0.29 kW/kg (0.18 hp/lb)

Armament

  • Guns: 2 × 7.92 mm MG 17 machine guns in nose; 500 rpg
  • Bombs: 6 × 10 kg (22 lb) bombs (C-1)

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

Notes
  1. Mondey 1996, p. 81.
  2. Green and Swanborough 1994, p. 295.
  3. Mondey 1996, p. 80.
  4. Donald 1994, p. 96.
  5. Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 15.
  6. Hooton 1994, pp. 121–122.
  7. Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 20.
  8. Hooton 1994, p. 125.
  9. Hooton 1994, p. 127.
  10. Hooton 1994, p. 126.
  11. Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 21.
  12. Green and Swanborough 1988, pp. 21–22.
  13. Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 23.
  14. Green and Swanborough 1988, p.14.
  15. "Heinkel He 52". www.historyofwar.org. Retrieved 2020-06-01.
  16. Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 17.
  17. Green and Swanborough 1988, p. 19.

Bibliography
  • Donald, David, ed. Warplanes of the Luftwaffe. London: Aerospace, 1994. ISBN 1-874023-56-5.
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. "The Cadre Creator ... Heinkel's Last Fighting Biplane". Air Enthusiast No. 36, May–August 1988, pp. 11–24. ISSN 0143-5450.
  • Green, William and Gordon Swanborough. The Complete Book of Fighters. New York: Smithmark, 1994. ISBN 0-8317-3939-8.
  • Hooton, E.R. Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe. London: Arms & Armour Press, 1994. ISBN 1854091816.
  • Mondey, David. The Concise Guide to Axis Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor, 1996. ISBN 1-85152-966-7.
  • Taylor, John W.R. "Heinkel He 51". Combat Aircraft of the World from 1909 to the Present. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1969. ISBN 0-425-03633-2.
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