History of the Jews in Afghanistan

By the early 1930s, some 60,000 refugees had fled from Soviet territory to Afghanistan.[1][2] In 1932, Muhammed Nadir Shah created a border treaty with the Soviet Union preventing asylum seekers from fleeing the border and into Afghanistan.[1][2] Later that same year, Afghanistan began deporting refugees back to Soviet Union or specified Chinese territories. Soviet Jews already in Afghanistan, who were attempting to flee further south, were detained in the capital city of Kabul, while any Soviet Jews apprehended at the border were immediately deported. Soviet Jews were accused of espionage and the intent to disseminate radical Bolshevist propaganda.

However, by 1933, non-refugee Afghani Jews, those who had lived there for decades if not centuries, were also targeted.  All Jews who were citizens of Afghanistan were ordered to relocate to their birthplace, which was most often Herat or Kabul. This was an attempt by the government to further enforce the policy that Jews were not natives of the Northern provinces of Afghanistan. After Muhammad Nadir Shah was assassinated in 1933, his son continued the harsh fate for the Jews. By the end of 1933, nearly all of the Jews in northern cities had been expelled, and returned to Central Afghanistan.

In 1935, a delegate to the Zionist Congress declared that an estimated 40,000 Bukharan Jews had been killed or starved.[2]

In the summer of 1935, riots erupted in Herat, the Afghan city with the largest Jewish population, due to a dispute between two boys, one Jewish and one Muslim. The two boys got into a fight over unknown reasons, causing the Muslim boy to fall down the stairs. The Jewish boy, Aba Ben Simon, was blamed, and others began spreading rumors that he was trying to forcibly convert the other to Judaism.[2] This incident caused Herat's Shiite Muslims to take up arms against the Jews and pillage their shops, homes and beatings at the hands of the mobs. Jewish women, regardless of their marital status, were subjected to being kidnapped and raped, and sometimes were forcibly converted and married off to their attackers. Some Jews fled Herat, and were never allowed to return.

Some Jews tried to flee to British-controlled India. The British colonial government categorized them by passports: Iranian, Russian and Afghani. Those with Russian passports were once again accused of “Bolshevist ties” and denied entry. The British Raj tried to deport many Afghani and Russian Jews back to the Soviet Union under the guise of allegedly violating the “behavioral conduct” codes of British India (i.e., Peshawar Conspiracy Cases), when in fact the colonial government feared they would disseminate socialism among the populace of native Indian colonial subjects and lead them to revolt against oppressive colonial rule, adding to the then-growing Indian independence movement.[2]

The Jewish Life in Kabul and Herat continued to worsen. Many Jews fled illegally into India during the 1940s. Thousands of Jews fled to Palestine, (and eventually Israel after it was established in 1948). Some Jews also made it all the way to the United States, settling mainly in New York City's borough of Queens.[1]

By 1948, over 5,000 Jews existed in Afghanistan, and after they were allowed to emigrate in 1951, most of them moved to Israel and the United States.[9] Afghanistan was the only Muslim country that allowed Jewish families to emigrate without revoking their citizenship first. Afghan Jews left the country en masse in the 1960s. Their resettlement in New York and Tel Aviv was motivated by a search for a better life. By 1969, some 300 remained, and most of these left after the Soviet invasion of 1979, leaving 10 Afghan Jews in 1996, most of them in Kabul.[2] More than 10,000 Jews of Afghan descent presently live in Israel. Over 200 families of Afghan Jews live in New York City in the USA.[3][9] Over 100 Jews of Afghan descent live in London.[1]