Impact investing

Impact investing refers to investments "made into companies, organizations, and funds with the intention to generate a measurable, beneficial social or environmental impact alongside a financial return".[1] Impact investments provide capital to address social and/or environmental issues.

Impact investors actively seek to place capital in businesses, nonprofits, and funds in industries such as renewable energy,[2] basic services including housing, healthcare, and education, micro-finance, and sustainable agriculture.[3] Institutional investors, notably North American and European development finance institutions, pension funds and endowments have played a leading role in the development of impact investing.[4] Under Pope Francis, the Catholic Church has witnessed an increased interest in impact investing.[5]

Impact investing occurs across asset classes; for example, private equity/venture capital, debt, and fixed income. Impact investments can be made in either emerging or developed markets, and depending on the goals of the investors, can "target a range of returns from below-market to above-market rates".[6]

Background

Historically, regulation—and to a lesser extent, philanthropy—was an attempt to minimize the negative social consequences (unintended consequences, externalities) of business activities. However, a history of individual investors using socially responsible investing to express their values exists, and such investing behavior is usually defined by the avoidance of investments in specific companies or activities with negative effects.[7]

Simultaneously, approaches such as pollution prevention, corporate social responsibility, and triple bottom line began as measurements of non-financial effects, both inside and outside of corporations.[8] In 2000, Baruch Lev, of the NYU Stern School of Business, collated thinking about intangible assets in a book of the same name, which furthered thinking about the non-financial effects of corporate production.[9]

Finally, around 2007, the term "impact investing" emerged.[10] A commitment to measuring social and environmental performance, with the same rigor as that applied to financial performance, is a critical component of impact investing.[11]

The industry

The number of funds engaged in impact investing grew quickly over a five-year period and a 2009 report from research firm the Monitor Group estimated that the impact investing industry could grow from around US$50 billion in assets to $500 billion in assets within the subsequent decade.[12] Such capital may be deployed using a range of investment instruments, including equity, debt, real assets, loan guarantees, and others.[12] The growth of impact investing is partly attributed to the criticism of traditional forms of philanthropy and international development, which have been characterized as unsustainable and driven by the goals—or whims—of the corresponding donors.[13]

Currently, impact investing is still only a small market when compared to the global equity market, estimated at US$61 trillion (market capitalization of domestic listed companies) by the World Bank in 2015.[14] Impact investors managed USD 114 billion in impact investing assets, a figure that serves as a best-available 'floor' for the size of the impact investing market, according to GIIN's 2017 Annual Impact Investor Survey. The largest sectors by asset allocation were microfinance, energy, housing, and financial services.[15][14]

Many development finance institutions, such as the British Commonwealth Development Corporation or Norwegian Norfund, can also be considered impact investors, because they allocate a portion of their portfolio to investments that deliver financial as well as social or environmental benefits.[16]

Impact investing is distinguished from crowdfunding sites, such as Indiegogo or Kickstarter, because impact investments are typically debt or equity investments over US$1,000—with longer-than-traditional venture capital payment times—and an "exit strategy" (traditionally an initial public offering (IPO) or buyout in the for-profit startup sector) may be non-existent. Although some social enterprises are nonprofits, impact investing typically involves for-profit, social- or environmental-mission-driven businesses.

Organizations receiving impact investment capital may be set up legally as a for-profit, not-for profit, Benefit corporation, Low-profit limited liability company (L3C), Community interest company, or other designations that may vary by country. In much of Europe, these are known as 'social enterprises'.[17]

The main activists in this market have been Impax Asset Management Group, which is a UK-based specialist in environmental impact investing, Sarasin and Partners, which has a history of pressing investee companies on sustainability issues, and Triodos Investment Management, which is a Netherlands-based manager which focuses on sustainability issues.[18]

India is emerging as a major geography for impact investors according to consulting firm, McKinsey, with over $1.1 billion already invested as of 2016.[19]

Institutional Impact Investing

Institutional investors

Impact investments occur across asset classes and investment amounts. Among the best-known mechanism is private equity or venture capital. "Social venture capital", or "patient capital", impact investments are structured similarly to those in the rest of the venture capital community. Investors may take an active role mentoring or leading the growth of the company,[20] similar to the way a venture capital firm assists in the growth of an early-stage company. Hedge funds and private equity funds may also pursue impact investing strategies.[21]

Impact investment "accelerators" also exist for seed- and growth-stage social enterprises. Similar to seed-stage accelerators for traditional startups, impact investment accelerators provide smaller amounts of capital than Series A financings or larger impact investment deals.[22] Most "impact investment accelerators" are nonprofits, raising grants from donors to pay for business development services; however, commercially orientated accelerators providing investment readiness and capital-raising advisory services are emerging.

Large corporations are also emerging as powerful mechanisms for impact investing. Companies that seek to create shared value through developing new products/services, or positively impacting their operations, are beginning to employ impact investments through their value chain, particularly their supply chain.[23]

Impact investing can help organizations become self-sufficient by enabling them to carry out their projects and initiatives without having to rely heavily on donations and state subsidies.

There has been a growing interest in impact investing from faith-based investors, as they seek to align their investments with their core beliefs. [24]

Increased supranational and pension cooperation

Governments and national and international public institutions including development finance institutions have sought to leverage their impact-oriented policies by encouraging pension funds and other large asset owners to co-invest with them in impact-informed assets and projects, notably in the Global South. World Pensions Council and other US and European experts have welcome this course of action, insisting nonetheless that:

”Governments and international institutions need to do more if they truly seek to 'unlock' private sector capital in a meaningful way. They have to ask themselves the following questions: what are the concrete legal, regulatory, financial and fiduciary concerns facing pension fund board members? How can we improve emerging industry standards for impact measurement and help pension trustees steer more long-term capital towards valuable economic endeavors at home and abroad, while, simultaneously, ensuring fair risk-adjusted returns for future pensioners?”[4]

Mission investing by foundations

Mission investments are investments made by foundations and other mission-based organizations to further their philanthropic goals, either with a portion or with the entirety of their endowment.[25] They include any type of investment that is intended and designed to generate both a measurable social or environmental benefit and a financial return. For example, after the Heron Foundation's internal audit of its investments in 2011 uncovered an investment in a private prison that was directly contrary to the foundation's mission, the foundation developed and then began to advocate for a four-part ethical framework to endowment investments conceptualized as Human Capital, Natural Capital, Civic Capital, and Financial Capital.[26]

Program-related investments (PRIs) are investments, usually by foundations, into below-market rate or concessionary investments that are primarily made to achieve charitable or "programmatic" objectives rather than financial objectives. This category includes recoverable grants, below-market-rate loans, R&D or seed stage equity investments (stock), loan guarantees and volume guarantees. For private foundations, PRIs count towards the required 5 percent annual payout.

Mission-related investments (MRIs) are investments, generally made from endowments, into mission-driven organizations that are expected to generate market-rate financial returns comparable to an ordinary investment of a similar type and risk profile. MRIs are designed to have both a positive social impact and contribute to the endowment's long-term financial stability and growth. Examples of MRIs include loans to mission-aligned non-profit organizations (e.g., charter schools, hospitals or research centers) that are expected to pay back loans with interest, as well as investments in for-profit social impact companies, social impact funds, socially responsible fixed income (bond) funds, impact-oriented private equity funds and public equity portfolios (stocks).[27]

Impact investing by individuals

Impact investing historically took place through mechanisms aimed at institutional investors. However, there are ways for individuals to participate in providing early stage or growth funding to such ventures.

Exchange-traded funds

Exchange-traded funds like the SPDR Gender Diversity ETF from State Street are publicly traded and hence available to anyone with a stock brokerage account. MSCI offers 11 environmental, social and governance index ETFs, including popular low-carbon and sustainability indexes.[28]

Syndicate or pooled investing

Groups of angel investors focused on impact, where individuals invest as a syndicate also exist. Examples include Investors' Circle in the US,[29] Clearly Social Angels in the United Kingdom[30] and the global investor network Toniic.[31]

Digital microfinance platforms

Web-based investing platforms, which offer lower-cost investing services, also exist. As equity deals can be prohibitively expensive for small-scale transactions, microfinance loans, rather than equity investment, are prevalent in these platforms. MyC4, founded in 2006, allows retail investors to loan to small businesses in African countries via local intermediaries. Microplace was an early United States provider of such services which ceased taking on new loans in 2014, stating that its results "haven't scaled to the widespread social impact we aspire to achieve".[32]

Impact investing in Asia

Impact Investing in Asia is a burgeoning sector with many funds currently in play. In South East Asia, from 2007 to 2017, USD 904 million Impact capital was deployed by Private Impact Investors (PIIs) and USD 11.9 million was deployed by Development Finance Institutions (DFIs).[33]

Private Equity and Venture Capital Impact Investing

Impact investing organisations and funds also make equity investments like traditional private equity and venture capital funds, but only investments with developmental impact.[34][35][36]

Gender lens investing

Gender lens investing is a subsection of Impact Investing, and refers to investments which are "made into companies, organizations, and funds with the explicit intent to create a positive impact on gender". Investments which promote gender equity and address gender based issues can be made by investing in gender led enterprises, enterprises which promote gender equality through hiring, women in positions of authority, or in their supply chain, as well as supporting services which support, empower and develop capacity of women.[33] Gender lens investing was created in response to the difficulty which woman face in accessing capital, as women globally have less access and higher barriers to obtaining capital.[37]

Female entrepreneurs have routinely struggled to attract capital from male investors. In 2019 Fortune Magazine reported that just 2.2% of all venture capital went to female founders Taken together, all female founders raised less in capital than one e cigarette manufacturer. Indeed, many have gone to extreme lengths to counter gender discrimination. In 2017 the Telegraph reported on the founders of Witchsy who created an imaginary third male founder in order to converse with male investors.[38]

Gender lens investing is growing rapidly. More than 100 funds are open to private investors. In 2018 the number of gender lens assets under management grow by 40% according to analysis by Veris Wealth Partners.[39] Demand is rising with major banks offering gender lens bonds including NAG, Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch and many others.

See also

References
  1. "2017 Annual Impact Investor Survey" (PDF). The Global Impact Investing Network. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-09-02. Retrieved 2017-03-14.
  2. "GridShare – Renewable Energy Crowdfunding". GridShare – Equity based renewable energy crowdfunding platform. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  3. Rodriguez, Giovanni. "Can Silicon Valley Leaders Help Solve The Global Food Challenge?". Forbes. Retrieved 2018-03-09.
  4. Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (7 July 2017). "G20 Nations Shifting the Trillions: Impact Investing, Green Infrastructure and Inclusive Growth" (PDF). Revue Analyse Financière. Paris. Retrieved 7 July 2017.
  5. The Catholic church dabbles with impact investing Some Worry, The Economist
  6. "Lessons Learned from Microfinance for the Impact Investing Sector". Impact Investing Policy Collaborative (IIPC). Impact Investing Policy Collaborative (IIPC). 2013. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  7. Hayat, Usman (4 November 2012). "Impact investing: making money the charitable way". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  8. Bugg-Levine, Anthony (2011). Impact Investing: Transforming How We Make Money While Making a Difference (1 ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0470907214.
  9. "Transcript from Intangible assets by Baruch Lev" (PDF).
  10. "The State and Future of Impact Investing". Forbes. 2012-02-23. Retrieved 14 August 2014.
  11. Is 'Impact Investing' Just Bad Economics?, Forbes, April 22, 2014
  12. Jessica Freireich and Katherine Fulton (January 2009). "Investing for Environmental and Social Impact" (PDF). Monitor Institute. Monitor Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 March 2017. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  13. "Impact investing for sustainable development". Partners Global. Partners Global. Archived from the original on 2015-06-15. Retrieved 2015-04-16.
  14. "What You Need to Know about Impact Investing". The GIIN.
  15. Morata, Ed (21 April 2017). "Why impact investing may flourish in the age of Donald Trump". Forbes. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
  16. "Impact investing how it works". Investopedia. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  17. Sherwood, Bob (4 August 2011). "Social enterprise start-ups blossom". Financial Times. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  18. Ross, Alice (2020). Investing To Save The Planet: How Your Money Can Make a Difference. Penguin. ISBN 978-0241457238.
  19. "Impact investing finds its place in India | McKinsey". www.mckinsey.com. Retrieved 2020-01-27.
  20. Financial Advisor Magazine (2 June 2010). "Wealthy Attracted To Impact Investing". NASDAQ. NASDAQ. Retrieved 15 December 2013.
  21. Lemke, Lins, Hoenig and Rube, Hedge Funds and Other Private Funds, §6:43 (Thomson West, 2013)
  22. Baird, Ross (1 June 2013). "Bridging the "Pioneer Gap": The Role of Accelerators in Launching High-Impact Enterprises" (PDF). Aspen Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  23. "Unpacking the Impact in Impact Investing". SSIR. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  24. "Engaging Faith-Based Investors in Impact Investing" (PDF). GIIN. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  25. Berliner, Peter. "About Mission Investing". Mission Investors Exchange. Retrieved 19 November 2014.
  26. "Introduction to Net Contribution". Heron Foundation. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  27. Berliner, Peter; Spruill, Vikki (September 2013). "The Many Forms of Impact Investing". Community Foundation Field Guide to Impact Investing.
  28. Sullivan, Paul (2016-03-04). "In Fledgling Exchange-Traded Fund, Striking a Blow for Women". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-12-17.
  29. Field, Anne (1 April 2013). "Investors' Circle Continues Its Upward Spiral". Forbes. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  30. Cohen, Norma (2013-03-22). "Making good and doing good". The Financial Times. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  31. Say, My (5 February 2013). "5 Key Trends In Impact Investing". Forbes. Retrieved 8 October 2014.
  32. "The Future of Microplace". Microplace. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  33. "The Landscape for impact investing in South East Asia" (PDF). thegiin.org. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  34. Cheney, Catherine (16 August 2018). "How Gates' Strategic Investment Fund gets companies to take on global health". Devex.
  35. Bade, Scott (28 October 2019). "Omidyar Network CEO opens up about VC-influenced Philanthropy". TechCrunch.
  36. Heal, Alexandra; Wasley, Andrew (10 December 2019). "World Bank urged to rethink investment in one of Brazil's big beef companies". The Guardian.
  37. "What is gender lens investing?". Women Effect. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  38. McGoogan, Cara (2018-03-05). "Female entrepreneurs invent male co-founder to avoid sexist discrimination". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2020-01-06.
  39. Partners, Veris Wealth. "Gender Lens Investing Assets Rise 41% In Past Year". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 2020-01-06.


This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.