Information engineering (field)

Information engineering is the engineering discipline that deals with the generation, distribution, analysis, and use of information, data, and knowledge in systems.[1][2][3][4][5] The field first became identifiable in the early 21st century.

Object detection for a stop sign.
This article is about the engineering discipline. For the software engineering approach, see Information engineering.

The components of information engineering include more theoretical fields such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, control theory, signal processing, and information theory, and more applied fields such as computer vision, natural language processing, bioinformatics, medical image computing, cheminformatics, autonomous robotics, mobile robotics, and telecommunications.[1][2][5][6][7] Many of these originate from computer science, as well as other branches of engineering such as computer engineering, electrical engineering, and bioengineering.

An example of clustering in machine learning.

The field of information engineering is based heavily on mathematics, particularly probability, statistics, calculus, linear algebra, optimization, differential equations, variational calculus, and complex analysis.

Information engineers often hold a degree in information engineering or a related area, and are often part of a professional body such as the Institution of Engineering and Technology or Institute of Measurement and Control.[8][9][10] They are employed in almost all industries due to the widespread use of information engineering.

History

The term information engineering used to refer to a software engineering methodology that is now more commonly known as information technology engineering or information engineering methodology. It began to gain its current meaning early on in the 21st century.

Elements

Machine learning and statistics
Main article: Machine learning

Machine learning is the field that involves the use of statistical and probabilistic methods to let computers "learn" from data without being explicitly programmed.[11] Data science involves the application of machine learning to extract knowledge from data.

Subfields of machine learning include deep learning, supervised learning, unsupervised learning, reinforcement learning, semi-supervised learning, and active learning.

Causal inference is another related component of information engineering.

Control theory
Main article: Control theory

Control theory refers to the control of (continuous) dynamical systems, with the aim being to avoid delays, overshoots, or instability.[12] Information engineers tend to focus more on control theory rather than the physical design of control systems and circuits (which tends to fall under electrical engineering).

Subfields of control theory include classical control, optimal control, and nonlinear control.

Signal processing
Main article: Signal processing

Signal processing refers to the generation, analysis and use of signals, which could take many forms such as image, sound, electrical, or biological.[13]

An example of how the 2D Fourier transform can be used to remove unwanted information from an X-ray scan.

Information theory
Main article: Information theory

Information theory studies the analysis, transmission, and storage of information. Major subfields of information theory include coding and data compression.[14]

Computer vision
Main article: Computer vision

Computer vision is the field that deals with getting computers to understand image and video data at a high level.[15]

Natural language processing
Main article: Natural language processing

Natural language processing deals with getting computers to understand human (natural) languages at a high level. This usually means text, but also often includes speech processing and recognition.[16]

Bioinformatics
Main article: Bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the field that deals with the analysis, processing, and use of biological data.[17] This usually means topics such as genomics and proteomics, and sometimes also includes medical image computing.

Cheminformatics
Main article: Cheminformatics

Cheminformatics is the field that deals with the analysis, processing, and use of chemical data.[18]

Robotics
Main article: Robotics

Robotics in information engineering focuses mainly on the algorithms and computer programs used to control robots. As such, information engineering tends to focus more on autonomous, mobile, or probabilistic robots.[19][20][21] Major subfields studied by information engineers include control, perception, SLAM, and motion planning.[19][20]

Tools

In the past some areas in information engineering such as signal processing used analog electronics, but nowadays most information engineering is done with digital computers. Many tasks in information engineering can be parallelized, and so nowadays information engineering is carried out using CPUs, GPUs, and AI accelerators.[22][23] There has also been interest in using quantum computers for some subfields of information engineering such as machine learning and robotics.[24][25][26]

See also

References
  1. "2009 lecture | Past Lectures | BCS/IET Turing lecture | Events | BCS - The Chartered Institute for IT". www.bcs.org. Retrieved 2018-10-11.
  2. Brady, Michael (2009). "Information Engineering & its future". Institution of Engineering and Technology, Turing Lecture. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  3. Roberts, Stephen. "Introduction to Information Engineering" (PDF). Oxford Information Engineering. Retrieved 2018-10-04.
  4. "Department of Information Engineering, CUHK". www.ie.cuhk.edu.hk. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  5. "Information Engineering | Department of Engineering". www.eng.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  6. "Information Engineering Main/Home Page". www.robots.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  7. "Information Engineering". warwick.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  8. "Academic Partners and Affiliates 2017/2018 - The IET". www.theiet.org. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  9. "Electronic and Information Engineering - Imperial College London". Times Higher Education (THE). Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  10. "Accreditation of the MEng | CUED undergraduate teaching". teaching.eng.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  11. Bishop, Christopher (2007). Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. New York: Springer-Verlag New York Inc. ISBN 978-0387310732.
  12. Nise, Norman (2015). Control Systems Engineering. Wiley. ISBN 978-1118170519.
  13. Lyons, Richard (2010). Understanding Digital Signal Processing. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0137027415.
  14. Cover, Thomas (2006). Elements of Information Theory. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0471241959.
  15. Davies, Emlyn (2017). Computer Vision: Principles, Algorithms, Applications, Learning. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0128092842.
  16. Jurafsky, Daniel (2008). Speech and Language Processing. Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0131873216.
  17. Lesk, Arthur (2014). Introduction to Bioinformatics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199651566.
  18. Leach, Andrew (2007). An Introduction to Chemoinformatics. Springer. ISBN 978-1402062902.
  19. Siegwart, Roland (2011). Introduction to Autonomous Mobile Robots. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262015356.
  20. Kelly, Alonzo (2013). Mobile Robotics. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107031159.
  21. Thrun, Sebastian (2005). Probabilistic Robotics. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262201629.
  22. Barker, Colin. "How the GPU became the heart of AI and machine learning | ZDNet". ZDNet. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  23. Kobielus, James. "Powering artificial intelligence: The explosion of new AI hardware accelerators". InfoWorld. Retrieved 2018-10-03.
  24. Wittek, Peter (2014). Quantum Machine Learning. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0128100400.
  25. Schuld, Maria (2018). Supervised Learning with Quantum Computers. Springer. ISBN 978-3319964232.
  26. Tandon, Prateek (2017). Quantum Robotics. Morgan & Claypool Publishers. ISBN 978-1627059138.
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