Interstate 105 (California)

Interstate 105 (I-105) is an east–west auxiliary Interstate Highway in the Greater Los Angeles urban area of Southern California. It runs from State Route 1 near El Segundo and Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) to Interstate 605 in the City of Norwalk. Originally known as the Century Freeway,[3][4][5][6] it was renamed the Glenn Anderson Freeway in 1994 for the Democratic California politician who advocated its construction.

For the first road in California designated I-105, see Interstate 105 (California 1964–1968).
For the former state route signed as SR 42 and unsigned SR 105, see California State Route 42.

Interstate 105
Century Freeway, Glenn Anderson Freeway
I-105 highlighted in red
Route information
Auxiliary route of I-5
Defined by Streets and Highways Code § 405
Maintained by Caltrans
Length18.82 mi[1] (30.29 km)
History1963–1968 near East Los Angeles Interchange part of US 101 (Santa Ana Freeway), (deleted), 1985-1993 Century Freeway (completed)[2]
Major junctions
West end SR 1 near El Segundo
  I-405 on the Los Angeles-Hawthorne border
I-110 in Los Angeles
I-710 on the Lynwood-Paramount border
East end I-605 / Studebaker Rd in Norwalk
Location
CountiesLos Angeles
Highway system
← SR 104→ SR 107

Route description
The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange with the Harbor Freeway (I-110).

The California Streets and Highways Code defines Route 105 as "from Pershing Drive near El Segundo to Route 605," but Caltrans never constructed the segment from Sepulveda Boulevard to Pershing Drive. Motorists can continue west via Imperial Highway over conventional roadway to Pershing Drive, but it is not part of Route 105 nor is it under state maintenance. I-105 begins at Sepulveda Boulevard (State Route 1) on the southern edge of Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), adjacent to the city of El Segundo. It proceeds generally eastward from there on, crossing the Los Angeles and San Gabriel Rivers before terminating just east of the San Gabriel River Freeway (Interstate 605) in western Norwalk.

The freeway stops short of intersecting with the Santa Ana Freeway (Interstate 5), its parent interstate. Instead, the primary lanes of I-105 terminate at an at-grade intersection with Studebaker Road.

Much of the length of the Century Freeway runs parallel to Imperial Highway. It also runs parallel to (and a mile south of) Century Boulevard, from which its original name is derived. Century Boulevard, in turn, is named for its position equivalent to 100th Street in the Los Angeles grid.

The Los Angeles Metro Rail C Line runs in the median of nearly the entire length of I-105. The C Line's eastern terminus is at Norwalk, at the interchange between I-105 and I-605; two miles from the western end of the freeway, the C Line separates onto its own right-of-way at Aviation Boulevard, splitting into two branches: one turning south towards Redondo Beach and one (currently under construction, scheduled to open in 2021) heading north towards near LAX and future people mover, which is scheduled to open in 2023.

I-105 is part of the California Freeway and Expressway System,[7] and is part of the National Highway System,[8] a network of highways that are considered essential to the country's economy, defense, and mobility by the Federal Highway Administration.[9]

History
Metro C Line platform at Willowbrook/Rosa Parks station, which lies between the east and westbound lanes of I-105.

Early planning

Interstate 105 was an integral part of a Caltrans 1960s master plan for the Southern California freeway system, but did not open until 1993. The right-of-way was included on several early highway plans since at least 1947, although it was not named the "Century Freeway" until 1956, and was numbered Route 42. In 1965, the Century Freeway was added to the state system originated at State Route 1 (Sepulveda Boulevard) east to Central Avenue in the City of Los Angeles along an alignment very near to the current right-of-way.[10] The current route was added to the Interstate system in 1968.

Design and local opposition

The route was designed between 1968 and 1972 by Caltrans District 7, under the direction of Design Chief Sid Elicks.[6] However, opposition from some of the communities through which the right-of-way would pass slowed the process and led to some reroutings. Many factors contributed to the delay. The growth of the environmental movement in the 1960s created resistance to new freeway construction. Fiscal difficulties brought about by the 1971 Sylmar earthquake and the California tax revolt of the late 1970s further hampered Caltrans' construction efforts.[11]

However, the major source of resistance to the freeway's construction was community opposition and the side effects of these demands. By the early 1970s, most of the areas in the freeway's path (and thus slated to be demolished) were predominantly African-American. Resentment over previous freeway projects' effects on other black communities resulted in significant modifications to the original route. Most cities along the way, weary of the noise and visual blight created by elevated freeways, demanded that the route be built far below grade in a "trench." Also, another source for resistance to the freeway's construction was that much of the I-105 path was going to be built in low income, high crime neighborhoods, which also delayed the freeway's construction until the crime in the areas went down.

Norwalk was opposed to the freeway's proposed route through its city center, and blocked the freeway from reaching its intended terminus at the Santa Ana Freeway; however, Caltrans had already decided to abandon that section due to the inability of the severely congested Santa Ana Freeway to accommodate any more traffic.

Keith v. Volpe

In 1972, community opposition resulted in a federal lawsuit, Keith v. Volpe, being filed, charging a violation of various civil rights protections and the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). An important figure in the freeway's history was Harry Pregerson, a United States federal judge who presided over the lawsuit concerning the freeway's construction and chose to continue presiding over the case despite being promoted to a higher level court.[12] The interchange with Interstate 110 is named the Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange in his honor.[13] In 1972, Judge Pregerson enjoined the further development of the freeway until it has complied with the requirements of NEPA, the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA), the Federal-Aid Highway Act, and the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Act of 1970.

In 1979, this lawsuit resulted in a Consent Decree, amended in 1981, which imposed several conditions on development of the freeway, including additional public hearings, preparation of an environmental report, alterations to the design to reduce lanes and intersections, improve carpooling and provide for a transit way, which became the Los Angeles Metro Rail Green Line, now known as the C Line. A portion of the right-of-way was also to be constructed below grade to buffer adjacent areas from the effects of traffic noise. After construction began in the 1980s, failure to perform a full survey of the area's groundwater deposits, combined with the 20–30-foot below-grade trench through the city of Downey, resulted in buckling and cracking along the eastern portions of the route. At one point a large sinkhole opened in the Bellflower Boulevard on-ramp. This resulted in the construction of an elaborate pump system along the freeway between the interchanges with I-710 and I-605.

Century Freeway Housing Program

A significant aspect of the Keith v. Volpe Consent Decree was the requirement that the housing removed to construct the freeway be replaced, leading to the creation of the Century Freeway Housing Program within the California Department of Housing and Community Development.

Notable demolished homes and buildings

The childhood home of Brian, Carl and Dennis Wilson of The Beach Boys was demolished in the mid-1980s to make way for the freeway, as was the house across the street where their bandmate David Marks grew up. In 2005, the Beach Boys Historic Landmark was built on the former site of the Wilson brothers' home and declared a California Historic Landmark.

The birthplace of Metallica, former bassist Ron McGovney's house, stood directly in the path of the route nearby to the 605 in Downey.

Another home in Downey, California, where siblings Richard and Karen Carpenter grew up before forming the musical duo The Carpenters, was also razed for the 105.

Post-construction
Westbound view along Interstate 105 heading towards Vermont Ave, through the Interstate 110 interchange

Throughout the difficulties, Congressman Glenn M. Anderson (D-San Pedro) tirelessly advocated for the route's construction, touting its possibilities for congestion relief along Century, Manchester, and Firestone Boulevards and the Imperial Highway; it succeeded in these tasks, as well as relieving pressure on the Santa Monica (I-10) and San Diego (I-405) Freeways for travelers between Downtown Los Angeles and LAX. After Anderson's death in 1994, Caltrans honored him by renaming the freeway in his honor. However, the route's original name, "Century Freeway", is still used on a number of maps.[14]

The freeway was originally signed with El Segundo as its westbound control city; however, in recent years, many of the El Segundo signs have been replaced and/or covered with "LAX Airport" signage due to the western terminus' proximity to Los Angeles International Airport.

Shortly before opening, filmmakers had access to use the empty freeway for a number of weeks to film the 1994 motion picture Speed.

Interstate 105 (1964–68)

Previously, the I-105 designation was used for U.S. Route 101 (the Santa Ana Freeway) from I-5 (the Golden State Freeway) at the East Los Angeles Interchange to the connection to I-10 (the San Bernardino Freeway; this connection had been I-110); it went back to U.S. 101 in 1968.[15]

Exit list

The entire route is in Los Angeles County.

Locationmi[16][1]kmExit[16]DestinationsNotes
El Segundo–Los Angeles line0.500.801AImperial Highway westContinuation beyond SR 1
Los Angeles1 SR 1 (Sepulveda Boulevard) / Imperial Highway east – LAX AirportWestbound exits signed as 1B (south), and 1C (north); western terminus of I-105
0.991.591D Nash Street – LAX Airport Alt. ExitWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
2.013.232ALa Cienega Boulevard / Aviation BoulevardWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
Los Angeles–Lennox–
Hawthorne–Del Aire quadripoint		2.01–
2.11		3.23–
3.40		2B I-405 (San Diego Freeway) – Santa Monica, Long BeachSigned as exit 2 eastbound; former SR 7; I-405 north exit 45A, south exit 45
Hawthorne–Lennox–
Inglewood tripoint		3.325.343Prairie Avenue / Hawthorne BoulevardEastbound signage omits Hawthorne Boulevard; no exit number westbound
Hawthorne4.717.585Crenshaw Boulevard
Los Angeles–West Athens line6.7710.907AVermont Avenue
Los Angeles7.3911.897B I-110 (Harbor Freeway) – Los Angeles, San PedroI-110 south exit 14A, north exits 14A-B
— I-110 north (Express Lanes / Carpools Only)Two-lane left exit; left lane tolled, right lane free HOV access only
Los Angeles–Willowbrook line8.9014.329Central Avenue
Willowbrook9.7815.7410Wilmington Avenue
Lynwood11.5118.5212Long Beach Boulevard
Lynwood–Paramount line13.4721.6813 I-710 (Long Beach Freeway) – Pasadena, Long BeachI-710 north exits 11A-B, south exit 11A
Paramount14.1322.7414Garfield AvenueEastbound exit and westbound entrance
14.6523.5815Paramount BoulevardWestbound exit and eastbound entrance
Downey15.6725.2216 SR 19 (Lakewood Boulevard)
16.6426.7817Bellflower Boulevard
Norwalk17.8228.6818 I-605 (San Gabriel River Freeway)Signed as exits 18A (south) and 18B (north); I-605 exit 9B; exit for southbound also includes direct exit ramp for Rosecrans Ave
17.9128.82♦Hoxie Avenue – Norwalk Metro StationHOV exits only; all traffic allowed on westbound entrance; westbound entrance also includes direct entrance ramp from Imperial Highway
18.1529.21♦Studebaker RoadHOV only entrance, and exit from I-105; all traffic allowed on direct ramp from Hoxie Avenue; at-grade intersection
1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi
  • The Judge Harry Pregerson Interchange with I-110 was used in the 2016 musical film La La Land
  • Scenes for the 1994 film Speed were filmed on the freeway before it opened. The freeway was used for both a stand-in for Interstate 10 and as the still-unopened 105 freeway.
  • The song "Rollin' with My Homies," by the rapper Coolio.
  • In the 2013 video game Grand Theft Auto V, set in the fictional city of Los Santos (based on the Los Angeles metropolitan area), the 105 is represented as the Olympic Freeway.
  • in the 2007 film Live Free or Die Hard, the climactic scene where the protagonist John McClane is being chased by a fighter jet was filmed on the 105 freeway.
  • The transition of the 105 freeway with the 405 freeway included two notable changes. The L-shaped building at the northwest corner of La Cienega Blvd and Imperial Highway lost its L-leg to make way for the 405 south to 105 west transition ramp. Just under 1/2 of its square footage was lost to the demolition.
  • To make way for the tunneling of the 105 eastbound transition to the 405 northbound -and- the 105 westbound transition to the 405 southbound, which included a complete demolition of almost 90 feet' of the 405, the entire 405 freeway was shifted about 300' east via a temporary freeway bridge. This bypass took about 5-7 months to complete, the 405 was rebuilt with the new tunneling underneath, and the bypass bridge was demolished to make way for the continuance of the eastern side of the 105.
  • On the eastern terminus, the new 105 had a severe flooding problem, even in relatively short rainy periods. Over an almost 3/4-year span the freeway was selectively closed and bypassed to allow for a better drainage scheme, hiking the cost of the entire freeway by a couple of hundred million. It worked and the freeway has not flooded since.
  • Scenes for the 1992 film Patriot Games were filmed on the freeway before it opened. The freeway was used as a stand-in for Interstates that run through the Baltimore-Annapolis area in Maryland.

See also
  •  California Roads portal
  •  Greater Los Angeles portal

References
  1. California Department of Transportation (July 2007). "Log of Bridges on State Highways". Sacramento: California Department of Transportation.
  2. "SC Los Angeles-Orange County fun facts page". Scvresources.com. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  3. Jeanne Bonfilio Issue Date: 04/2008. "Inside Seven - Caltrans, District 7 - Monthly Newsletter". Dot.ca.gov. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  4. "I-105 Glenn Anderson Freeway (Century Freeway)". Roadstothefuture.com. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  5. "Road: Century Freeway Project". Art-poetry.info. Archived from the original on March 24, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  6. "The Finding Aid of the Century Freeway records 0228". Oac.cdlib.org. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  7. "Article 2 of Chapter 2 of Division 1". California Streets and Highways Code. Sacramento: California Office of Legislative Counsel. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  8. Federal Highway Administration (March 25, 2015). National Highway System: Los Angeles, CA (PDF) (Map). Scale not given. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved October 1, 2017.
  9. Natzke, Stefan; Neathery, Mike & Adderly, Kevin (June 20, 2012). "What is the National Highway System?". National Highway System. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration. Retrieved July 1, 2012.
  10. Faigin, Daniel P. "California Highways: Routes 105 through 112". California Highways: Routes 105 through 112. Retrieved January 7, 2015.
  11. "Photo Exhibit: Constructing Interstate 105". Craftypixel.com. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  12. Henry Weinstein, "A Concrete Accomplishment : Transit: Long-planned Interstate 105 opens with gala festivities. Amid the tumult, Judge Harry Pregerson takes pride in job-training and housing programs he helped ensure in the freeway corridor." Los Angeles Times, October 15, 1993.
  13. Hertzberg. "ACR 142 Assembly Concurrent Resolution". Info.sen.ca.gov. Archived from the original on June 30, 2012. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  14. Curtiss, Aaron (April 19, 1996). "The Freeway Numbers Game". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2016.
  15. "CA-Highways 105-112". Cahighways.org. Retrieved January 26, 2013.
  16. "Interstate 105 Freeway Interchanges" (PDF). California Numbered Exit Uniform System. California Department of Transportation. August 22, 2018. Retrieved October 17, 2020.

KML is from Wikidata
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.