Iris hookeriana

Iris hookeriana is a plant species in the genus Iris, it is also in the subgenus Iris and in the section Pseudoregelia. It is a rhizomatous perennial, from the Himalayan mountains of India and Pakistan. It has long pale green or yellow green leaves, long slender stem and fragrant blue, purple or lilac flowers, that are mottled with a darker colour. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in temperate regions.

Iris hookeriana
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Order: Asparagales
Family: Iridaceae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: Iris subg. Iris
Section: Iris sect. Pseudoregelia
Species:
I. hookeriana
Binomial name
Iris hookeriana
Synonyms[1]
  • Iris gilgitensis Baker ex Hook.f.
  • Iris kemaonensis var. caulescens Baker

Description

Iris hookeriana is very similar in form to Iris kemaonensis (another Pseudoregelia Iris), but has slender rhizomes, long stem and short perianth tube.[2] But both have mottled flowers[3] and have similar cultivation needs.[4]

It has a slender, fleshy and knobbly (or gnarled) rhizomes,[2][5][6] that are light brown.[7] They are similar in form to Iris tectorum.[5] Underneath it has slender secondary roots.[6][8]

It has linear and pale green,[7][8] or yellow-green leaves,[5] that can grow up to between 30–40 cm (12–16 in) long,[9][10] and between 1 and 2.5 cm wide.[5][6][10] They are semi-evergreen,[8] and have rounded tips.[7] They are the tallest within the Pseudoregelia Iris series.[8]

It has a slender stem (or peduncle), that can grow up to between 10–15 cm (4–6 in) tall.[10][11][12] Very occasionally, they can reach 30 cm tall.[6][8][9]

The stem has 3 green,[5] membranous,[3] spathes (leaves of the flower bud). They are 4–7 cm (2–3 in) long,[6][9] and wider than the main leaves.[7] They can remain on the plant after the bloom has died.[5]

The stems hold 2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,[5][12] blooming in late spring,[10] between April and May (in Europe),[8] and between June and July.[6][9] It has very short pedicels (flower stalks).[6][7][9] They sometimes can bloom for only 2 days.[8]

The fragrant flowers,[8][10][11] come in shades of purple or blue,[2][6][9] or lilac.[7][11][12] Occasionally, there is a white form.[10] They have darker blotches.[2][11][12]

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large sepals (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or tepals), known as the 'standards'.[13] The falls are obovate or oblong shaped,[7] 5–6.5 cm (2–3 in) long,[10] and 2 cm wide.[6][9] It has an oblong blade, which has a central white beard,[8] that has coloured (orange,[5] or yellow,[7]) tips.[6][9] The standards are erect, clawed and obovate shaped.[7] They are 5 cm (2 in) long, with an oblong blade.[3][6][9] They are not blotched.[7]

It has a short perianth tube,[2] that is 1.2–3 cm (0–1 in) long,[6][9][10] and green with purple stripe,[5] or spots.[7] The style branch is similarly coloured as the falls and standards, but is curved inwards.[5][6] It has blue filaments and creamy-white anthers.[6][7][9] The pollen is also white.[5] The white stigma is notched,[5] or serrated.[6]

After the iris has flowered, it produces a trigonal,[5] or elliptic seed capsule,[6][9] is 5–6.5 cm (2–3 in) long.[6][7][9] It has a beak (curved ending).[5][6][9] It splits (or dehisces),[6] below the beak.[5] Inside the capsule are pyriform (pear) shaped seeds, that are red with a yellowish aril (appendage).[5][6][7]

Biochemistry

In 1985, a phytochemical study was carried on Iris hookeriana specimens found in the Sonamarg region of Kashmir. They found Irisflorentin, irigenin, junipigenin and iridin.[14][15]

In 1993, a chemical study was carried out the rhizomes of Iris hookeriana, to extract 'Piceid', a stilbene glucoside.[16]

In 2008, a study was carried out on the effectiveness of a decoction of Iris hookeriana rhizome, as an anthelmintic (drugs that expel parasitic worms) used on gastrointestinal nematodes (or Trichuris ovis worms) in sheep.[17]

In June 2012, a phytochemical study was carried out on 5 iris species growing in Kashmir, India. Including Iris crocea, Iris ensata, Iris germanica, Iris hookeriana and Iris kashmiriana. It found several flavonoids (including isoflavonoids, glycosides and tannins), within the irises.[18]

As most irises are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.[13] It has a chromosome count or 2n=22,[8] or 2n=24.[7][11] Studies were carried out in 1978 by Karihaloo, V. (Chromosome numbers of irises from Kashmir. CIS Chromosome Inform. Serv. Vol.24 pages 21–22), then in 1985 by Vir Jee, D. U. and P. Kachroo (Chromosomal conspectus of some alpine-subalpine taxa of Kashmir Himalaya. Chromosome Inf. Serv. 39: pages 33–35) and in 1989, by Jee, Vir, U. Dhar and P. Kachroo (Cytogeography of some endemic taxa of Kashmir Himalaya. Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., B 55 pages 177–184).[5]

Taxonomy

It is pronounced as (Iris) EYE-ris (hookeriana) hook-er-ee-AN-uh.[19]

It has the common name of Hooker's Iris.[9] But this normally applies to Iris hookeri Penny ex Loudon.

The Latin specific epithet hookeriana refers to Sir Joseph D. Hooker.[5]

In 1884, Mr Max Leichtlin, was given a plant specimen from some Moravians missionaries at Lahaul and Spiti district, Pakistan. He sent it to Prof. Foster.[6]

It was then first published and described by Foster in Gardeners' Chronicle Series 3, Vol.1 on page 611 in 1887.[20][21]

It was also published by Gilbert Baker in Baker, in Curtis's Botanical Magazine (Bot. Mag.) Vol.119 table 7276. in 1893,[10][20] with an illustration after the specimen plant had first flowered.[5][6]

It was later published in the 'Journal of the RHS' 93, f128 in 1968.[10]

It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 9 January 2003, and then updated on 1 December 2004.[21]

It is listed in the Encyclopedia of Life.[22]

Iris hookeriana is an accepted name by the RHS and it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2013.[23]

Distribution and habitat
Iris hookeriana found around the lake in the valley in Kashmir

Iris hookeriana is native to tropical areas of Asia.[21]

Range

It is found in the Himalayan mountains,[10][11][23] of India,[2][8][11] (including the states of Himachal Pradesh,[6][9][22] Jammu,[21] and Uttarakhand (including the former kingdom of Kumaon,[3])) and in Pakistan,[7][9][23] (including in the districts of Chitral, Swat, Gilgit, Hazara),[6][22] Mansehra District,[24] and Kashmir.[6][11][22]

It was also found in Western Tibet,[4][12] and one reference also mentions Afghanistan.[7]

It is almost as widespread as Iris kemaonensis, another 'Pseudoregelia iris'.[25]

Within Mansehra District, in Pakistan, it is found in the Naran valley, at (3,300 to 3,500 m (10,800 to 11,500 ft) meters above sea level) with Rheum australe, Sibbaldia cuneata, Aster falconeri and Ranunculus hirtellus.[24]

Habitat

It grows on the sunny, mountain slopes,[3] and in alpine meadows.[2]

They can be found at a wide ranges of altitude, between 2,300 to 3,700 m (7,500 to 12,100 ft) above sea level.[7][8][9]

Cultivation

It is hardy to Zone H3,[10] which meaning Hardy to −10 to −15 °C (14 to 5 °F)[26] It needs to be grown in an alpine house or bulb frame, in the UK.[12] It was grown in containers at Kew Gardens, which gave it protection against winter wet. But it did not last very long.[25]

It prefers to grow in well-drained soils, with plenty of sunshine.[2][8][12]

It needs a long hot summer, to grow well the next year. They are dormant till late in the spring, and can avoid damage by late spring frosts.[4]

References
  1. "Iris hookeriana Foster is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  2. Walker, Ken (7 May 2006). "Iris hookeriana". signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America). Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  3. Dykes, William. "Dykes on Iris" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 21 November 2014.
  4. Dykes, William (2009). "Handbook of Garden Irises" (PDF). beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises). Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  5. Pries, Bob (13 February 2014). "(SPEC) Iris hookeriana Foster". wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society). Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  6. "Pakistan V. 202". efloras.org (Flora of China). Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  7. Akhter, Chesfeeda; Khuroo, Anzar A.; Malik, Akhtar H.; Dar, G. H. (2012). "A Taxonomic Appraisal Of Genus Iris L. (Iridaceae) In Kashmir Himalaya, India". Iranian Journal of Botany. 19 (2): 119–126. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  8. "Chapter I (Part 7) Pseudoregelia". irisbotanique.com. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  9. "Hooker's Iris". flowersofindia.net. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  10. James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) , p. 251, at Google Books
  11. "Iris summary" (PDF). pacificbulbsociety.org. 14 April 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
  12. Cassidy, George E.; Linnegar, Sidney (1987). Growing Irises (Revised ed.). Bromley: Christopher Helm. p. 126. ISBN 978-0-88192-089-5.
  13. Austin, Claire (2005). Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia. Timber Press. ISBN 978-0881927306.
  14. Shawl, Abdul S.; Dar, Bashir A. (September 1985). "Isoflavones from Iris hookeriana". Journal of Natural Products. 48 (5): 849–850. doi:10.1021/np50041a033.
  15. J. B. Harborne The Flavonoids: Advances in Research since 1980, p. 133, at Google Books
  16. Shawl, A.S. (September 1993). "Piceid, a stilbene glucoside from the rhizomes of Iris hookeriana". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 55 (5): 197–198. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  17. Tariq, K.A.; Chishti, M.Z.; Ahmad, F.; Shawl, A.S.; Tantray, M.A. (June 2008). "Evaluation of anthelmintic activity of Iris hookeriana against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep". Journal of Helminthology. 82 (2): 135–141. doi:10.1017/S0022149X08912360. PMID 18252019.
  18. Wani, Sajad H.; Amin, Asif; Rather, Manzoor A.; Ahmad Parray, Javid; Parvaiz, Qazi; Qadri, Raies A. (June 2012). "Antibacterial And Phytochemical Screening of Different Extracts of Five Iris Species Growing in Kashmir". Journal of Pharmacy Research. 5 (6): 33–76. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  19. "Species Iris, Iris hookeriana 'Hookeriana'". davesgarden.com. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  20. Iridaceae Iris hookeriana Foster. ipni.org (International Plant Names Index). Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  21. "Iris hookeriana". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 16 July 2015.
  22. "Iris cuniculiformis". eol.org. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  23. "Iris hookeriana". rhs.org.uk. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  24. Khan, Shujaul Mulk; Harper, David; Page, Sue; Ahmad, Habib (2011). "Species And Community Diversity Of Vascular Flora Along Environmental Gradient In Naran Valley: A Multivariate Approach Through Indicator Species Analysis" (PDF). Pakistan Journal of Botany. 43 (5): 2337–2346. Retrieved 27 July 2015.
  25. Hall, Tony (2013). "Canadian Iris Society, CIS newsletter, Winter 2013 Volume 57 Issue 1" (PDF). e-clipse.ca (Canadian Iris Society). p. 13. Retrieved 24 October 2014.
  26. "Plant Hardiness". theseedsite.co. Retrieved 3 August 2015.

Sources
  • Chowdhery, H. J. & B. M. Wadhwa. 1984. Flora of Himachal Pradesh.
  • Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 67.
  • Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
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