States and union territories of India

India is a federal union comprising 28 states and 8 union territories,[1] for a total of 36 entities. The states and union territories are further subdivided into districts and smaller administrative divisions.

States and Union Territories of India
CategoryFederated states
LocationRepublic of India
Number28 States
8 Union territories
PopulationsStates: Sikkim - 610,577 (lowest); Uttar Pradesh - 199,812,341(highest)
Union Territories: Lakshadweep - 64,473 (lowest); Delhi - 16,787,941 (highest)
AreasStates: 3,702 km2 (1,429 sq mi) Goa – 342,269 km2 (132,151 sq mi) Rajasthan
Union territories: 32 km2 (12 sq mi) Lakshadweep – 59,146 km2 (22,836 sq mi) Ladakh
GovernmentState governments, Union government (Union territories)
SubdivisionsDistricts, Divisions

History

Administrative divisions of India in 1951

Pre-independence

The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] During the British Raj, the preceding Mughal administrative structure was mostly kept. India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the British and princely states which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held de facto sovereignty (suzerainty) over the princely states.

1947–1950

Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[13] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:

States reorganisation (1951–1956)

Andhra State was created on 1 October 1953 from the Telugu-speaking northern districts of Madras State.[14]

Pondicherry, comprising the previous French enclaves of Pondichéry, Karikal, Yanaon and Mahé was transferred to India in 1954 and became a union territory in 1962. The French enclave of Chandernagore was transferred to West Bengal.[15]

In the same year, pro-India forces liberated the Portuguese-held enclaves of Dadrá and Nagar Aveli, declaring the short-lived de facto state Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli. In 1961, it was annexed by India as the Union Territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.[16][17][18][19]

The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines resulting in the creation of the new states.[20] As a result of this act, Madras State retained its name with Kanyakumari district added to form Travancore-Cochin. Andhra Pradesh was created with the merger of Andhra State with the Telugu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in 1956. Kerala was created with the merger of Malabar district and the Kasaragod taluk of South Canara districts of Madras State with Travancore-Cochin. Mysore State was re-organized with the addition of districts of Bellary and South Canara (excluding Kasaragod taluk) and the Kollegal taluk of Coimbatore district from the Madras State, the districts of Belgaum, Bijapur, North Canara and Dharwad from Bombay State, the Kannada-majority districts of Bidar, Raichur and Gulbarga from Hyderabad State and the Coorg State. The Laccadive Islands, Aminidivi Islands and Minicoy Island which were divided between South Canara and Malabar districts of Madras State were united and organised into the union territory of Lakshadweep.

Bombay State was enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra State and Kutch State, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh and Marathwada region of Hyderabad State. Rajasthan and Punjab gained territories from Ajmer State and Patiala and East Punjab States Union respectively and certain territories of Bihar was transferred to West Bengal.

Post-1956

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[21] Former Union Territory of Nagaland achieved statehood on 1 December 1963.[22] The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[23] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[24][25]

Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu in 1969. North-eastern states of Manipur, Meghalaya and Tripura were formed on 21 January 1972.[26] Mysore State was renamed as Karnataka in 1973. On 16 May 1975, Sikkim became the 22nd state of the Indian Union and the state's monarchy was abolished.[27] In 1987, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram became states on 20 February, followed by Goa on 30 May, while erstwhile union territory of Goa, Daman and Diu's northern exclaves Damão and Diu became separate union territory as Daman and Diu.[28]

In November 2000, three new states were created; namely, Chhattisgarh from eastern Madhya Pradesh, Uttaranchal from northwest Uttar Pradesh (renamed Uttarakhand in 2007) and Jharkhand from southern districts of Bihar with the enforcement of Madhya Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000, Uttar Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2000 and Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000 respectively.[29][30][31][32] Pondicherry was renamed as Puducherry in 2007 and Orissa was renamed as Odisha in 2011. Telangana was created on 2 June 2014 as ten former districts of north-western Andhra Pradesh.[33][34]

In August 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, 2019, which contains provisions to reorganise the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories; Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, effective from 31 October 2019.[35] Later that year in November, the Government of India introduced legislation to merge the union territories of Daman and Diu and Dadra and Nagar Haveli into a single union territory to be known as Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu, effective from 26 January 2020.[36][37][38]

Current proposals

States and Union territories

States

State ISO 3166-2:IN Vehicle
code
Zone Capital Largest city Statehood Population Area
(km2)
Official
languages[39]
Additional official
languages[39]
Andhra Pradesh IN-AP AP Southern Amaravati Visakhapatnam 1 November 1956 49,506,799 160,205 Telugu
Arunachal Pradesh IN-AR AR North-Eastern Itanagar 20 February 1987 1,383,727 83,743 English
Assam IN-AS AS North-Eastern Dispur Guwahati 26 January 1950 31,205,576 78,550 Assamese Bengali, Bodo
Bihar IN-BR BR Eastern Patna 26 January 1950 104,099,452 94,163 Hindi Urdu
Chhattisgarh IN-CT CG Central Nava Raipur Raipur 1 November 2000 25,545,198 135,194 Hindi Chhattisgarhi
Goa IN-GA GA Western Panaji Vasco da Gama 30 May 1987 1,458,545 3,702 Konkani Marathi
Gujarat IN-GJ GJ Western Gandhinagar Ahmedabad 1 May 1960 60,439,692 196,024 Gujarati
Haryana IN-HR HR Northern Chandigarh Faridabad 1 November 1966 25,351,462 44,212 Hindi Punjabi[40][41]
Himachal Pradesh IN-HP HP Northern Shimla (Summer)
Dharamshala (Winter)[42]
Shimla 25 January 1971 6,864,602 55,673 Hindi Sanskrit[43]
Jharkhand IN-JH JH Eastern Ranchi Jamshedpur 15 November 2000 32,988,134 74,677 Hindi Angika, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Ho, Kharia, Khortha, Kurmali, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Mundari, Nagpuri, Odia, Santali, Urdu[44]
Karnataka IN-KA KA Southern Bengaluru 1 November 1956 61,095,297 191,791 Kannada
Kerala IN-KL KL Southern Thiruvananthapuram Kochi 1 November 1956 33,406,061 38,863 Malayalam
Madhya Pradesh IN-MP MP Central Bhopal Indore 26 January 1950 72,626,809 308,252 Hindi
Maharashtra IN-MH MH Western Mumbai (Summer)
Nagpur (Winter)[45]
Mumbai 1 May 1960 112,374,333 307,713 Marathi
Manipur IN-MN MN North-Eastern Imphal 21 January 1972 2,855,794 22,347 Meitei English
Meghalaya IN-ML ML North-Eastern Shillong 21 January 1972 2,966,889 22,720 English Khasi[lower-alpha 1]
Mizoram IN-MZ MZ North-Eastern Aizawl 20 February 1987 1,097,206 21,081 English, Hindi, Mizo
Nagaland IN-NL NL North-Eastern Kohima Dimapur 1 December 1963 1,978,502 16,579 English
Odisha IN-OR OD Eastern Bhubaneswar 26 January 1950 41,974,218 155,820 Odia
Punjab IN-PB PB Northern Chandigarh Ludhiana 1 November 1966 27,743,338 50,362 Punjabi
Rajasthan IN-RJ RJ Northern Jaipur 26 January 1950 68,548,437 342,269 Hindi English
Sikkim IN-SK SK North-Eastern Gangtok 16 May 1975 610,577 7,096 English, Nepali Bhutia, Gurung, Lepcha, Limbu, Manggar, Mukhia, Newari, Rai, Sherpa, Tamang
Tamil Nadu IN-TN TN Southern Chennai 1 November 1956 72,147,030 130,058 Tamil English
Telangana IN-TG TS Southern Hyderabad[lower-alpha 2] 2 June 2014 35,193,978[46] 114,840[46] Telugu Urdu[47]
Tripura IN-TR TR North-Eastern Agartala 21 January 1972 3,673,917 10,492 Bengali, English, Kokborok
Uttar Pradesh IN-UP UP Central Lucknow Kanpur 26 January 1950 199,812,341 243,286 Hindi Urdu
Uttarakhand IN-UT UK Central Gairsain (Summer)
Dehradun (Winter)[48]
Dehradun 9 November 2000 10,086,292 53,483 Hindi Sanskrit[49]
West Bengal IN-WB WB Eastern Kolkata 26 January 1950 91,276,115 88,752 Bengali, Nepali[lower-alpha 3] Hindi, Odia, Punjabi, Santali, Urdu

Union territories

Union territory ISO 3166-2:IN Vehicle
code
Zone Capital Largest city UT established Population Area
(km2)
Official
languages
Additional official
languages
Andaman and Nicobar Islands IN-AN AN Southern Port Blair 1 November 1956 380,581 8,249 English, Hindi Bengali, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu
Chandigarh IN-CH CH Northern Chandigarh 1 November 1966 1,055,450 114 English, Hindi, Punjabi
Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu IN-DH DD Western Daman 26 January 2020 586,956 603 English, Gujarati, Hindi Konkani, Marathi
Delhi IN-DL DL Northern New Delhi 1 November 1956 16,787,941 1,490 English, Hindi Punjabi, Urdu[50]
Jammu and Kashmir IN-JK JK Northern Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)
Srinagar 31 October 2019 12,258,433 55,538 English, Hindi, Urdu Dogri, Kashmiri
Ladakh IN-LA LA Northern Leh (Summer)
Kargil (Winter)[51]
Leh 31 October 2019 290,492 174,852 English, Ladakhi, Urdu Balti, Purgi
Lakshadweep IN-LD LD Southern Kavaratti 1 November 1956 64,473 32 English, Malayalam
Puducherry IN-PY PY Southern Puducherry 16 August 1962 1,247,953 492 English,[52] Tamil Malayalam, Telugu

Autonomous areas

The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution of India allows for the formation of autonomous councils to administer areas which have been given autonomy within their respective states.[53] Most of these autonomous areas are located in Northeast India.

Former states

Map State Capital Years Present-day state(s)
Ajmer State Ajmer 1950–1956 Rajasthan
Andhra State Kurnool 1953–1956 Andhra Pradesh
Bhopal State Bhopal 1949–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Bilaspur State Bilaspur 1950–1954 Himachal Pradesh
Bombay State Bombay 1950–1960 Maharashtra and Gujarat
Coorg State Madikeri 1950–1956 Karnataka
East Punjab Shimla (1947–1953)
Chandigarh (1953–1966)
1947–1966 Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Chandigarh UT
Hyderabad State Hyderabad 1948–1956 Telangana, and partially Maharashtra and Karnataka
Jammu and Kashmir Srinagar (Summer)
Jammu (Winter)
1954–2019 Jammu and Kashmir UT and

Ladakh UT

Kutch State Bhuj 1947–1956 Gujarat
Madhya Bharat Indore (Summer)
Gwalior (Winter)
1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh
Madras State Madras 1950–1969 Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and partially Karnataka and Kerala
Mysore State Mysore 1947–1973 Karnataka
Patiala and East Punjab States Union Patiala 1948–1956 Punjab and Haryana
Saurashtra Rajkot 1948–1956 Gujarat
Travancore-Cochin Trivandrum 1949–1956 Kerala and partially Tamil Nadu
Vindhya Pradesh Rewa 1948–1956 Madhya Pradesh

Former union territories

Map Name Zone Capital Area UT established UT disestablished Today part of
Arunachal Pradesh North-Eastern Itanagar 83,743 km2 (32,333 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
Dadra and Nagar Haveli Western Silvassa 491 km2 (190 sq mi) 11 August 1961 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
Daman and Diu Western Daman 112 km2 (43 sq mi) 30 May 1987 26 January 2020 Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
Goa, Daman and Diu Western Panaji 3,814 km2 (1,473 sq mi) 19 December 1961 30 May 1987 Goa state and Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu union territory
Himachal Pradesh Northern Shimla 55,673 km2 (21,495 sq mi) 1 November 1956 25 January 1971 As an Indian state
Manipur North-Eastern Imphal 22,327 km2 (8,621 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state
Mizoram North-Eastern Aizawl 21,087 km2 (8,142 sq mi) 21 January 1972 20 February 1987 As an Indian state
Nagaland North-Eastern Kohima 16,579 km2 (6,401 sq mi) 29 November 1957 1 December 1963 As an Indian state
Tripura North-Eastern Agartala 10,491.65 km2 (4,050.85 sq mi) 1 November 1956 21 January 1972 As an Indian state

Responsibilities and authorities

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.[54]

See also

Notes

  1. Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.
  2. Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[lower-alpha 4][lower-alpha 5][lower-alpha 6] Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[lower-alpha 7] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.
  3. Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.
  4. "Bifurcated into Telangana State and residual Andhra Pradesh State". The Times of India. 2 June 2014.
  5. "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014" (PDF). Ministry of Law and Justice. Government of India. 1 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  6. "The Gazette of India : The Andhra Pradesh Reorganization Act, 2014 Sub-section" (PDF). 4 March 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2014.
  7. Sanchari Bhattacharya (1 June 2014). "Andhra Pradesh Minus Telangana: 10 Facts". NDTV.

References

  1. DelhiAugust 5. "States and Union Territories". Know India Programme. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  2. Krishna Reddy (2003). Indian History. New Delhi: Tata McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-048369-9.
  3. Ramesh Chandra Majumdar (1977). Ancient India. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-0436-4.
  4. Romila Thapar (1966). A History of India: Part 1.
  5. V.D. Mahajan (2007). History of medieval India (10th ed.). New Delhi: S Chand. pp. 121, 122. ISBN 978-8121903646.
  6. Antonova, K.A.; Bongard-Levin, G.; Kotovsky, G. (1979). A History of India Volume 1. Moscow, USSR: Progress Publishers.
  7. Gupta Dynasty – MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 1 November 2009.
  8. "India – Historical Setting – The Classical Age – Gupta and Harsha". Historymedren.about.com. 2 November 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2010.
  9. Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (2002) [1955]. A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar. New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-19-560686-7.
  10. Chandra, Satish. Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. p. 202.
  11. "Regional states, c. 1700–1850". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
  12. Grewal, J. S. (1990). "Chapter 6: The Sikh empire (1799–1849)". The Sikh empire (1799–1849). The New Cambridge History of India. The Sikhs of the Punjab. Cambridge University Press.
  13. "Article 1". Constitution of India. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012.
  14. "Map of Madras Presidency in 1909". 28 March 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2013.
  15. "Reorganisation of states" (PDF). Economic Weekly. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  16. "Dadra and Nagar Haveli Celebrated Its 60th Liberation Day". Jagranjosh.com. 2 August 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  17. "Dadra and Nagar Haveli: When an IAS officer became the instrument of accession - The Economic Times". Economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  18. "When an IAS Officer Was The Prime Minister of Dadra & Nagar Haveli". Thebetterindia.com. 28 March 2018. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  19. "The Constitution (Amendment)". Archive.india.gov.in. Retrieved 2 March 2020.
  20. "Article 1". Constitution of India. Law Ministry, GOI. Archived from the original on 2 April 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  21. J.C. Aggarwal, S.P. Agrawal (1995). Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future. New DElhi: Concept Publishing. pp. 89–90.
  22. "Nagaland History & Geography-Source". india.gov.in. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  23. "Himachal Pradesh Tenth Five Year Plan" (PDF). Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  24. "The Punjab Reorganisation Act 1966" (PDF). india.gov.in. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  25. "State map of India". Travel India guide. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  26. "Snapshot of North Eastern States" (PDF). thaibicindia.in. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  27. "About Sikkim". Official website of the Government of Sikkim. Archived from the original on 25 May 2009. Retrieved 15 June 2009.
  28. "Goa Chronology". goaonline.in. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  29. "Official Website of Government of Jharkhand". Jharkhand.gov.in. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  30. "Chhattisgarh state – History". Cg.gov.in. Archived from the original on 4 July 2010. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  31. Chopra, Jasi Kiran (2 January 2007). "Uttaranchal is Uttarakhand, BJP cries foul". The Times of India. Retrieved 22 January 2013.
  32. "About Us: Uttarakhand Government Portal, India". Uk.gov.in. 9 November 2000. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  33. "The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014" (PDF). Ministry of law and justice, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
  34. "Telangana bill passed by upper house". The Times of India. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
  35. "Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Bill (No. XXIX of) 2019" (PDF). Parliament of India. 5 August 2019. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  36. Dutta, Amrita Nayak (10 July 2019). "There will be one UT less as Modi govt plans to merge Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu". New Delhi. The Print. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  37. "Govt plans to merge 2 UTs -- Daman and Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli". Devdiscourse. Retrieved 26 March 2020.
  38. "THE DADRA AND NAGAR HAVELI AND DAMAN AND DIU (MERGER OF UNION TERRITORIES) BILL" (PDF). 2019. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  39. "Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 50th report (July 2012 to June 2013)" (PDF). Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities, Ministry of Minority Affairs, Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  40. "Haryana grants second language status to Punjabi". Hindustan Times. 28 January 2010.
  41. "Punjabi gets second language status in Haryana". Zee news. 28 January 2010.
  42. "Dharamshala Declared Second Capital of Himachal". www.hillpost.in. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  43. Pratibha Chauhan (17 February 2019). "Bill to make Sanskrit second official language of HP passed". The Tribune. Shimla. Archived from the original on 18 February 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2019.
  44. "Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali". uniindia.com.
  45. Monsoon session to start in Maha’s winter Capital Nagpur from July 4
  46. "Telangana State Profile". Telangana government portal. p. 34. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
  47. "Urdu is second official language now". The Hindu. Special Correspondent. 17 November 2017. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 6 July 2020.CS1 maint: others (link)
  48. "Gairsain Named Uttarakhand's New Summer Capital". The Times of India. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
  49. Singh, Pallavi (19 April 2010). "Sanskrit: reviving the language in todays India". mint.
  50. "Official Language Act 2000" (PDF). Government of Delhi. 2 July 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 17 July 2015.
  51. Excelsior, Daily (12 November 2019). "LG, UT Hqrs, Head of Police to have Sectts at both Leh, Kargil: Mathur". Retrieved 17 December 2019.
  52. "Regional data" (PDF). lawsofindia.org.
  53. "Provisions as to the Administration of Tribal Areas" (PDF). www.mea.gov.in. Retrieved 15 December 2020.
  54. "Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power." Territoriality of executive powers of states in India, Balwant Singh Malik, Constitutional Law, 1998
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.