Javanese numerals
The Javanese language has a decimal numeral system with distinct words for the 'tweens' from 21 to 29, called likuran.
The basic numerals 1–10 have independent and combining forms, the latter derived via a suffix -ng. The combining forms are used to form the tens, hundreds, thousands, and millions. The numerals 1–5 and 10 have distinct high-register (halus, or in Javanese krama) and low register (ngoko) forms. The halus forms are listed below in italics. (Dasa 10 is derived from Sanskrit daśa.)
Like English, Javanese has compound forms for the teens; however, it also has a series of compound 'tweens', 21–29. The teens are based on a root -(wə)las, the tweens on -likur, and the tens are formed by the combining forms. Hyphens are not used in the orthography, but have been added to the table below to clarify their derivation.
Final orthographic -a tends to [ɔ] in many dialects, as does any preceding a (as in sanga [sɔŋɔ] 9).
| Javanese | Hindu–Arabic | Unit | Teens | Tweens | Tens |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ꧑ | 1 | ꦱꦶꦗꦶ siji ꦱꦼꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ setunggal | ꦱꦼꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ sewelas/suwelas ꦱꦼꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ setunggalwelas (11) | ꦱꦼꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ selikur ꦱꦼꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦭꦏꦸꦂ setunggallikur (21) | ꦱꦼꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ sepuluh (10) ꦱꦼꦢꦱ sedasa ꦱꦼꦗꦶꦤꦃ sejinah (market term) |
| ꧒ | 2 | ꦭꦺꦴꦫꦺꦴ loro ꦏꦭꦶꦃ kalih | ꦫꦺꦴꦭꦱ꧀ rolas ꦏꦭꦶꦃꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ kalihwelas (12) | ꦫꦺꦴꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ rolikur/lolikur ꦏꦭꦶꦃꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ kalihlikur (22) | ꦫꦺꦴꦁꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ rongpuluh (20) ꦏꦭꦶꦃꦢꦱ kalihdasa ꦫꦺꦴꦁꦗꦶꦤꦃ rong-jinah (market) |
| ꧓ | 3 | ꦠꦼꦭꦸ telu ꦠꦶꦒ tiga | ꦠꦼꦭꦸꦭꦱ꧀ telulas (13) ꦠꦶꦒꦁꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ tigangwelas/tigawelas | ꦠꦼꦭꦸꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ telulikur ꦠꦶꦒꦁꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ tiganglikur (23) ꦠꦶꦒꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ tigalikur | ꦠꦼꦭꦸꦁꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ telungpuluh (30) ꦠꦶꦒꦁꦢꦱ tigangdasa ꦠꦼꦭꦸꦁꦗꦶꦤꦃ telungjinah (market) |
| ꧔ | 4 | ꦥꦥꦠ꧀ papat ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀ sekawan | ꦥꦠ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦱ꧀ patbelas/pakbelas ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦱ꧀ sekawanwelas (14) | ꦥꦠ꧀ꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ patlikur/pakdelikur ꦱꦼꦏꦮꦤ꧀ꦭꦏꦸꦂ sekawanlikur (24) | ꦥꦠꦁꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ patangpuluh/petangpuluh (40) ꦥꦠꦁꦢꦱ patangdasa/petangdasa ꦥꦠꦁꦗꦶꦤꦃ patangjinah (market) |
| ꧕ | 5 | ꦭꦶꦩ lima ꦒꦁꦱꦭ꧀ gangsal | ꦭꦶꦩꦭꦱ꧀ limalas ꦒꦁꦱꦭ꧀ꦮꦼꦭꦱ꧀ gangsalwelas (15) | ꦱꦼꦭꦮꦺ selawé ꦱꦼꦭꦁꦏꦸꦁ selangkung (25) | ꦱꦺꦏꦼꦠ꧀ séket ꦱꦼꦠꦸꦁꦒꦭ꧀ꦭꦺꦏꦼꦠ꧀ setunggalléket (50) ꦭꦶꦩꦁꦗꦶꦤꦃ limangjinah (market) |
| ꧖ | 6 | ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ (e)nem | ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦼꦭꦱ꧀ nembelas (16) | ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ nemlikur (26) | ꦱꦼꦮꦶꦢꦏ꧀ sewidak/suwidak (60) ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦢꦱ nemdasa ꦤꦼꦩ꧀ꦗꦶꦤꦃ nemjinah (market) |
| ꧗ | 7 | ꦥꦶꦠꦸ pitu | ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦭꦱ꧀ pitulas (17) | ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ pitulikur (27) | ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦁꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ pitungpuluh (70) ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦁꦢꦱ pitungdasa ꦥꦶꦠꦸꦁꦗꦶꦤꦃ pitungjinah (market) |
| ꧘ | 8 | ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸ wolu | ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦭꦱ꧀ wolulas (18) | ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ wolulikur (28) | ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦁꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ wolungpuluh (80) ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦁꦢꦱ wolungdasa ꦮꦺꦴꦭꦸꦁꦗꦶꦤꦃ wolungjinah (market) |
| ꧙ | 9 | ꦱꦔ sanga | ꦱꦔꦭꦱ꧀ sangalas (19) | ꦱꦔꦭꦶꦏꦸꦂ sangalikur (29) | ꦱꦔꦁꦥꦸꦭꦸꦃ sangangpuluh (90) ꦱꦔꦁꦢꦱ sangangdasa ꦱꦔꦁꦗꦶꦤꦃ sangangjinah (market) |
Parallel to the tens are the hundreds (satus, rongatus); the thousands (séwu, rongéwu), and the millions (sayuta, rongyuta), except that the compounds of five and six are formed with limang- and nem- (séket 50 and suwidak/sewidak 60 are suppletive).
Old Javanese numerals
The names of the Old Javanese numerals were derived from their names in the Sanskrit language.
| Native | Unit | Teens | Tweens | Tens | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ꧑ | eka esa | éka-dasa 11 | eka-dwidasa 21 | dasa 10 |
| 2 | ꧒ | dwi | dwi-dasa 12 | dwi-dwidasa 22 | wingsati 20 |
| 3 | ꧓ | tri | tri-dasa 13 | tri-dwidasa 23 | trinisat 30 |
| 4 | ꧔ | catur | catur-dasa 14 | catur-dwidasa 24 | catrawingsat 40 |
| 5 | ꧕ | panca | panca-dasa 15 | panca-dwidasa 25 | pancasat 50 |
| 6 | ꧖ | sad | sad-dasa 16 | sad-dwidasa 26 | sasthi 60 |
| 7 | ꧗ | sapta | sapta-dasa 17 | sapta-dwidasa 27 | saptati 70 |
| 8 | ꧘ | asta | asta-dasa 18 | asta-dwidasa 28 | astiti 80 |
| 9 | ꧙ | nawa | nawa-dasa 19 | nawa-dwidasa 29 | nawati 90 |
See also
- Balinese numerals, a related but yet more complex numeral system.