John W. Stevenson

In 1857, Stevenson was elected to the first of two consecutive terms in the U.S. House of Representatives.[7] For the duration of his tenure in that body, he served on the Committee on Elections.[12] He favored admitting Kansas to the Union under the Lecompton Constitution.[5]

John J. Crittenden proposed a compromise advocated by Stevenson.

Like many Kentuckians, Stevenson was sympathetic to the southern states' position in the lead-up to the Civil War, but he opposed secession as a means of dealing with sectional tensions.[2] In the 1860 presidential election, he supported his close friend, John C. Breckinridge.[5] Desiring to avert the Civil War, he advocated acceptance of the several proposed compromises, including the Crittenden Compromise, authored by fellow Kentuckian John J. Crittenden.[2] He blamed the Radical Republicans' rigid adherence to their demands for the failure of all such proposed compromises, and on January 30, 1861, denounced them in a speech that the Dictionary of American Biography called the most notable of his career in the House.[2]

Stevenson was defeated for reelection in 1861.[2] For the duration of the war, which lasted until April 1865, he stayed out of public life in order to avoid being arrested as many other Confederate sympathizers were.[2] After the war, he was a delegate to the National Union Party's convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1865.[5] He was a supporter of the Reconstruction policies of President Andrew Johnson.[2]

John L. Helm's death elevated Stevenson to governor.

Ex-Confederates dominated the Kentucky Democratic convention that met in Frankfort on February 22, 1867.[13] John L. Helm, father of the late Confederate general Benjamin Hardin Helm, was nominated for governor and Stevenson was nominated for lieutenant governor.[13] The entire Democratic slate of candidates was elected, including Stevenson, who received 88,222 votes to R. Tarvin Baker's 32,505 and H. Taylor's 11,473.[1] The only non-Confederate sympathizer to win election that year was George Madison Adams, congressman for the state's 8th district who, although a Democrat, was a former federal soldier.[14] Helm took the oath of office on his sick bed at his home in Elizabethtown, Kentucky, on September 3, 1867.[14] He died five days later, and Stevenson was sworn in as governor on September 13.[9] Among his first acts as governor were the appointments of Frank Lane Wolford, a former Union soldier, as adjutant general and Fayette Hewitt, a former Confederate soldier, as state quartermaster general.[15]

Because Helm died so soon after taking office, a special election for the remainder of his term was set for August 1868.[1] Democrats held a convention in Frankfort on February 22, 1868 and nominated Stevenson to finish out Helm's term.[16] R. Tarvin Baker, formerly Stevenson's opponent in the election for lieutenant governor, was the choice of the Republicans.[1] The Republicans faced many disadvantages, including the national party's persecution of President Johnson and a lack of local organization in many Kentucky counties.[16] Despite Stevenson's shortcomings as a public speaker, he was elected in a landslide—115,560 to 26,605.[16] At the time, it was the largest majority obtained by any candidate in a Kentucky election.[16]

Post-war Kentucky Democrats had split into two factions—the more conservative Bourbon Democrats and the more progressive New Departure Democrats.[17] Stevenson governed moderately, giving concessions to both sides.[17] He urged the immediate restoration of all rights to ex-Confederates and denounced Congress for failing to seat a portion of the Kentucky delegation because they had sided with the Confederacy.[18] A champion of states' rights, he resisted federal measures he saw as violating the sovereignty of the states and vehemently denounced the proposed Fifteenth Amendment.[18][19] Following Stevenson's lead, the General Assembly refused to pass either the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Amendment, but after their passage by a constitutional majority of the states Stevenson generally insisted that blacks' newly granted rights not be infringed upon.[18][20] He was silent, however, when state legislators and officials from various cities used lengthy residency restrictions and redrawn district and municipal boundaries to exclude black voters from specific elections.[21] His 1867 plea for legislators to call a constitutional convention to revise the state's pro-slavery constitution to better conform to post-war reality was completely ignored.[22]

Stevenson opposed almost every effort to expand blacks' rights beyond the minimums assured by federal amendments and legislation.[21] The Civil Rights Act of 1866 guaranteed that blacks could testify against whites in federal courts, but he opposed New Departure Democrats when they insisted that Kentucky amend its laws to also allow black testimony against whites in state courts, and the measure failed in the 1867 legislative session.[21] Later that year, the Kentucky Court of Appeals declared the Civil Rights Act unconstitutional, but a federal court soon overturned that decision.[21] Stevenson backed Bourbon Democrats' appeal of that decision to the Supreme Court of the United States.[21] By 1871, however, he had changed his mind and supported blacks' right to testify.[21] Despite Stevenson's support, the measure failed in the General Assembly again in 1871, but it passed the following year, after Stevenson had left office.[21]

In the 1870 election, the first state in which blacks were allowed to vote, Stevenson warned that violence against them would not be tolerated.[18] Although he relied on local authorities to suppress any incidents, he offered rewards for the apprehension of perpetrators of election-related violence.[18] Stevenson also recommended that the carrying of concealed weapons be outlawed.[23] The General Assembly passed the requested legislation on March 22, 1871.[23] The law imposed small fines for the first offense, but the amount rapidly increased for subsequent infractions in order to deter repeat offenders.[23]

In Stevenson's first message to the legislature, he called on legislators to finally decide whether the state capital would remain at Frankfort or be moved to Lexington or Louisville, as some had wanted.[24] His address made it clear that he favored keeping the capital at Frankfort, but he noted that additional space was needed at the present capitol building because the existing building could not continue to house enough room both the state treasurer and auditor.[24] He laid out a vision for an addition to the capitol that would make it more spacious and more grandiose.[24] To pay for the expansion, the fiscally conservative Stevenson pressed the federal government to pay claims due Kentucky from Civil War expenses.[25] By the end of his term, the state had collected over $1.5 million in claims.[15] The legislature, however, disregarded his plan for expanding the capitol, instead opting to construct a separate executive office building next to the capitol.[24]

Stevenson also advocated careful study of the state's finances to deal with increasing expenditures.[1] He insisted that the state stop covering its short-term indebtedness using bonds.[25] However, Stevenson was willing to tax to benefit segregation in schools, and helped create the state bureau of education in 1870. Because most blacks possessed little property of significant value, the new tax yielded little revenue to support their educational institutions.[18] State legislators rejected his 1870 proposal to create a state bureau of immigration and statistics to spur interest in and migration to the state.[25] He did persuade the legislators to make some improvements in the state's penal and eleemosynary institutions, including establishing a House of Reform for juvenile offenders.[1][17]

Mob violence, much of it perpetrated by vigilantes calling themselves "Regulators" who felt that local authorities had failed in their duties to protect the people, was an ongoing problem during Stevenson's administration.[26] In September 1867, Stevenson urged all Kentuckians to defer to local authorities and ordered that all vigilante groups be disbanded.[26] On October 1, however, a group calling themselves "Rowzee's band" began perpetrating anti-Regulator violence in Marion County.[26] He dispatched Adjutant General Wolford to Marion County, authorizing him to use the state militia to quell the violence if necessary.[26] Wolford called out three companies of militia who suppressed "Rowzee's band" and sent another to put down a similar movement in Boyle County.[26] Later in October, Stevenson dispatched the state militia to Mercer County, and militiamen were dispatched to Boyle, Garrard, and Lincoln counties in 1869.[23] The governor declared that he would never hesitate to send troops "whenever it becomes necessary for the arrest and bringing to justice of all those who combine together, no matter under what pretense, to trample the law under their feet by acts of personal violence."[23]

Thomas C. McCreery

Thomas Laurens Jones

Beginning in late 1869, Stevenson attacked Kentucky Senator Thomas C. McCreery and Representative Thomas Laurens Jones for allegedly supporting President Ulysses S. Grant's nomination of former Union General Stephen G. Burbridge to a federal position in the revenue service.[25][27] Although born in northern Kentucky, Burbridge had commanded colored troops during the Civil War, and had also been specifically ordered to suppress Confederate guerillas in his home state. Kentucky's General Assembly had sought to bring him to trial for war crimes in 1863 and 1864.[28] Historian E. Merton Coulter wrote of Burbridge: "[The people of Kentucky] relentlessly pursued him, the most bitterly hated of all Kentuckians, and so untiring were their efforts, that it finally came to the point where he had not a friend left in the state who would raise his voice to defend him."[29] Stevenson's attacks on McCreery and Jones were likely designed to discredit them both in advance of the expiration of McCreery's Senate term in 1870.[25] McCreery vigorously denied Stevenson's charges and eventually challenged him to a duel.[27] Stevenson declined the challenge, citing his Christian beliefs.[27] The General Assembly met to choose McCreery's successor in December 1869 and, on the fifth ballot, chose Stevenson over McCreery for the six-year Senate term.[27] Stevenson resigned the governorship on February 13, 1871, in advance of the March congressional session.[1]

In the Senate, Stevenson was a conservative stalwart, steadfastly opposing spending on internal improvements and maintaining a strict constructionist view of the constitution.[2][25] He urged his fellow senators to oppose the Civil Rights Act of 1871, claiming that its provision that the president could suspend the right of habeas corpus in cases where he believed violence was imminent amounted to giving the chief executive the powers of a dictator.[30] He also opposed the appropriation of federal money to fund the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, because he did not believe Congress was given the authority to make such an allocation under the Constitution.[31]

At the 1872 Democratic National Convention, Stevenson received the votes of Delaware's six delegates for the Democratic vice-presidential nomination, although Benjamin Gratz Brown was ultimately nominated.[32] In February 1873, Vice-President Schuyler Colfax named Stevenson as one of five members of the Morrill Commission to investigate New Hampshire Senator James W. Patterson's involvement in the Crédit Mobilier of America scandal.[33] Stevenson and fellow Senator John P. Stockton of New Jersey both asked to be removed from the commission, but the Senate refused to grant their request.[33] On February 27, 1873, the commission recommended Patterson's expulsion from the Senate, but the chamber adjourned on March 4 without acting on the recommendation.[33] Patterson's term ended with the end of the session, and he was not re-elected, rendering moot further consideration of the matter.[33]

From December 1873 until the expiration of his term in 1877, Stevenson was generally recognized as the chairman (later known as the floor leader) of the minority Democratic caucus in the Senate;[34] he was the first person to have acted in the capacity.[34] During the Forty-fourth Congress, he chaired the Committee on Revolutionary Claims.[7] He did not seek reelection at the end of his term.[7] In the disputed 1876 presidential election, he was one of the visiting statesmen who went to New Orleans, Louisiana, and concluded that the election had been fairly conducted in that state.[2]

• Allen, William B. (1872). A History of Kentucky: Embracing Gleanings, Reminiscences, Antiquities, Natural Curiosities, Statistics, and Biographical Sketches of Pioneers, Soldiers, Jurists, Lawyers, Statesmen, Divines, Mechanics, Farmers, Merchants, and Other Leading Men, of All Occupations and Pursuits. Louisville, Kentucky: Bradley & Gilbert.
• "Church History". Trinity Episcopal Church. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
• Clark, Thomas D.; Margaret A. Lane (2002). The People's House: Governor's Mansions of Kentucky. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2253-8.
• Coker, Jeffery W. (2002). Presidents from Taylor through Grant, 1849–1877: Debating the Issues in Pro and Con Primary Documents. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-01125-7.
• Gamm, Gerald (April 2, 2005). "The Rise of Floor Leaders in the United States Senate, 1890–1915" (PDF). Duke University. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 27, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2007. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
• Harrison, Lowell H. (1992). "Stevenson, John White". In Kleber, John E (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia. Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark, Lowell H. Harrison, and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
• Harrison, Lowell H.; James C. Klotter (1997). A New History of Kentucky. The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2008-X.
• Hinds, Asher Crosby; Clarence Cannon (1907). Hinds' precedents of the House of Representatives of the United States: including references to provisions of the Constitution, the laws, and decisions of the United States Senate. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.
• "John White Stevenson". Dictionary of American Biography. New York City, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 1936. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
• Johnson, E. Polk (1912). A History of Kentucky and Kentuckians: The Leaders and Representative Men in Commerce, Industry and Modern Activities. Chicago, Illinois: Lewis Publishing Company.
• Kentucky's Black Heritage: The Role of the Black People in the History of Kentucky from Pioneer Days to the Present. Frankfort, Kentucky: Commonwealth of Kentucky. 1971.
• Kinkead, Elizabeth Shelby (1896). A History of Kentucky. New York City, New York: American Book Company.
• Morton, Jennie C. (May 1907). "Governor John W. Stephenson". The Register of the Kentucky Historical Society. 5.
• Official Proceedings of the National Democratic Convention, Held at Baltimore, July 9, 1872. Boston, Massachusetts: Rockwell & Churchill. 1972.
• Owen, Tom (2004). "John White Stevenson". In Harrison, Lowell H (ed.). Kentucky's Governors. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2326-7.
• Powell, Robert A. (1976). Kentucky Governors. Danville, Kentucky: Bluegrass Printing Company. OCLC 2690774.
• "Stevenson, John White". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. United States Congress. Retrieved August 24, 2012.
• Tapp, Hambleton; James C. Klotter (1977). Kentucky: Decades of Discord, 1865–1900. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-916968-05-7.
• Twiss, Benjamin R. (1962). Lawyers and the Constitution: How Laissez Faire Came to the Supreme Court. New York City, New York: Russell and Russell. OCLC 576242779.
• Vaux, Richard (1886). A Memorial of John W. Stevenson of Kentucky, Late President of the Association. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Allen, Lane, and Scott.