Schuyler Colfax

Schuyler Colfax Jr. (/ˈsklər ˈklfæks/; March 23, 1823 – January 13, 1885) was an American journalist, businessman, and politician who served as the 17th vice president of the United States from 1869 to 1873, and prior to that as the 25th speaker of the House of Representatives from 1863 to 1869. A member of the Republican Party (after the Whig Party's demise in the early 1850s), he was the U.S. Representative for Indiana's 9th congressional district from 1855 to 1869.

Schuyler Colfax
17th Vice President of the United States
In office
March 4, 1869  March 4, 1873
PresidentUlysses S. Grant
Preceded byAndrew Johnson
Succeeded byHenry Wilson
25th Speaker of the United States House of Representatives
In office
December 7, 1863  March 3, 1869
Preceded byGalusha A. Grow
Succeeded byTheodore M. Pomeroy
Leader of the
House Republican Conference
In office
December 7, 1863  March 3, 1869
Preceded byGalusha A. Grow
Succeeded byTheodore M. Pomeroy
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Indiana's 9th district
In office
March 4, 1855  March 3, 1869
Preceded byNorman Eddy
Succeeded byJohn P. C. Shanks
Personal details
Born
Schuyler Colfax Jr.

(1823-03-23)March 23, 1823
Manhattan, New York City, New York, U.S.
DiedJanuary 13, 1885(1885-01-13) (aged 61)
Mankato, Minnesota, U.S.
Political partyRepublican (1855–1885)
Other political
affiliations
Whig (before 1854)
Indiana People's Party (1854)
Spouse(s)
    (m. 1844; died 1863)
      (m. 1868)
      ChildrenSchuyler Colfax III
      Signature

      Colfax was known for his opposition to slavery while serving in Congress, and was a founder of the Republican Party. During his first term as speaker he led the effort to pass what would become the Thirteenth Amendment abolishing slavery. When it came before the House for a final vote in January 1865, he made the unusual choice to cast a vote (by convention the speaker rarely casts a vote), voting in the affirmative. Chosen as Ulysses S. Grant's running mate in the 1868 election, the pair won easily over Democratic Party nominees Horatio Seymour and Francis Preston Blair Jr. As was typical during the 19th century, Colfax had little involvement in the Grant administration. In addition to his duties as president of the U.S. Senate, he continued to lecture and write for the press while in office. In January 1871, Colfax encouraged a unified Italy to adopt a republican government that protected religious freedom and civil rights of its citizens. Believing Grant would only serve one term, in 1870 Colfax attempted unsuccessfully to garner support for the 1872 Republican presidential nomination by telling friends and supporters he would not seek a second vice presidential term. However, when Grant announced that he would run again, Colfax reversed himself and attempted to win the vice presidential nomination, but was defeated by Henry Wilson.

      An 1872–73 Congressional investigation into the Crédit Mobilier scandal identified Colfax as one of several federal government officials who in 1868 accepted payments of cash and discounted stock from the Union Pacific Railroad in exchange for favorable action during the construction of the transcontinental railroad. Though he vociferously defended himself against charges his reputation suffered. Colfax left the vice presidency at the end of his term in March 1873 and never again ran for office. Afterwards he worked as a business executive and became a popular lecturer and speech maker.[1]

      Colfax suffered a heart attack and died in a Mankato, Minnesota railroad station on January 13, 1885, en route to a speaking engagement in Iowa.[2] To date, he is one of only two persons to have served as both speaker of the House and vice president; the other is John Nance Garner.[3]

      Early life

      Ancestral home of Schuyler Colfax's grandparents William and Hester. Originally built in 1695.

      Schuyler Colfax was born on March 23, 1823, in New York City to Schuyler Colfax Sr. (1792–1822),[4] a bank teller, and Hannah Stryker (1805–1872), both of Dutch ancestry, who had married on April 25, 1820.[5] His grandfather, William Colfax, served in George Washington's Life Guard during the American Revolution, became a general in the New Jersey militia and married Hester Schuyler, a second cousin once removed of General Philip Schuyler. Hester Schuyler was the second great granddaughter of Philip Pieterse Schuyler.[5][6] William was commander at Sandy Hook during the War of 1812.

      Colfax's father contracted tuberculosis and died on October 30, 1822, five months before Colfax was born. His sister Mary died in July 1823, 4 months after he was born.[5] Colfax's mother and grandmother ran a boarding house as their primary means of economic support. Colfax attended school in New York City until he was 10, when family financial difficulties forced him to end his formal education and to take a job as a clerk in the store of George W. Matthews.[5][7]

      Hannah Colfax and George Matthews were married in 1836, and the family moved to New Carlisle, Indiana, where Matthews ran a store which also served as the village post office. There, Colfax became an avid reader of newspapers and books.[2] The family moved again in 1841, to nearby South Bend, Indiana, after Matthews became St. Joseph County Auditor. He appointed Colfax as his deputy, a post which Colfax held throughout the eight years Matthews was in office.[5]

      Newspaper editor

      In 1842, Colfax became the editor for the pro-Whig South Bend Free Press, owned by John D. Defrees. When Defrees moved to Indianapolis the following year and purchased the Indiana Journal, he hired Colfax to cover the Indiana Senate for the paper.[5][8] In addition to covering the state senate, Colfax contributed articles on Indiana politics to the New York Tribune, leading to a friendship with its editor, Horace Greeley.

      In 1845 Colfax purchased the South Bend Free Press and changed its name to the St. Joseph Valley Register. He owned the Register for nine years, at first in support of the Whigs, then shifting to the newly established Republican Party.[9]

      Whig Party delegate

      Colfax was a delegate to the 1848 Whig National Convention. He was also a delegate to the state constitutional convention of 1849–50. Colfax was the 1852 Whig nominee for Congress in the district which included South Bend, but narrowly lost to his Democratic opponent.

      U.S. Representative (1855–1869)

      In 1854 Colfax ran for Congress again, this time as a candidate of the short-lived Indiana People's Party, an anti-slavery movement which formed to oppose the Kansas–Nebraska Act. Victorious, Colfax would represent the people of Indiana's 9th congressional district for seven terms, from March 4, 1855, to March 3, 1869.

      Know Nothing party affiliation

      In 1855 Colfax considered joining the Know Nothing Party because of the antislavery plank in its platform. He was selected, without his knowledge, to be a delegate to the party's June convention, but had mixed feelings about the party and subsequently denied having been a member. Although he agreed with many Know Nothing policies, he disapproved of its secrecy oath and citizenship test. By the time of his 1856 campaign for re-election, the new Republican Party had become the main anti-slavery party, and Colfax became an early member.[10] When Republicans held the majority, he served as chairman of the Committee on Post Office and Post Roads.

      Opposition to slavery

      Colfax was identified with the Radical Republicans in Congress, and was an energetic opponent of slavery. His June 21, 1856 "Kansas Code" speech[11] attacking laws passed by the proslavery Legislature in Kansas became the most widely requested Republican campaign document.[2] Then, as the 1860 presidential election approached, Colfax traveled frequently, delivered many speeches, helping to bind the various Republican and antislavery factions together into a unified party that could win the presidency.

      Civil War

      John C. Frémont

      Before Lincoln's inauguration, Colfax's name was put forward by Indiana Republicans for a cabinet position to represent Indiana in administration counsels. President Lincoln wrote him a warm letter stating that he considered him qualified and foretelling "a bright future" for the 37 year old, but that he had already promised a position to an older Hoosier.[12] At the start of the Civil War Major General John C. Frémont commanded Union Army forces in St. Louis, Missouri, appointed by President Abraham Lincoln.[13] On September 3, 1861 Confederate General Sterling Price defeated Union Brigadier General Nathaniel Lyon at the Battle of Wilson's Creek. During the battle, Price's Confederate troops under Leonidas Polk occupied Columbus, Kentucky. Frémont was blamed for not reinforcing Lyon, who had been killed in the fighting. On September 6, Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant, under Frémont's authority, took Paducah without a fight and established a Union supply base in Kentucky. Colfax, concerned over the Confederate Army's occupation of Kentucky and threatened Union security of Missouri, decided to visit Frémont.

      After his arrival in St. Louis, Colfax met Frémont on September 14, 1861, and petitioned him to send troops to cut off Price from capturing Lexington. Colfax believed Frémont had 20,000 troops under his command in St. Louis. Frémont informed Colfax that he only had 8,000 troops in St. Louis and was unable to spare any.[13] In addition Frémont told Colfax that Lincoln and federal authorities in Washington had requested him to dispatch 5,000 of his troops elsewhere. Colfax suggested that Frémont reply that he could not spare any troops or Missouri would be lost to the Confederacy. Frémont declined, recognizing that he had a reputation for being insubordinate, and not wanting to appear unwilling to follow the instructions of his superiors in the Lincoln administration.[13] Frémont had earlier angered President Lincoln over his controversial August 30 edict that put Missouri under martial law and emancipated rebel slaves outside of the Confiscation Act. Price captured Lexington on September 20 and threatened to take the whole state of Missouri. Frémont finally responded on September 29. Having a force of thirty-eight thousand troops, he arrived at Sedalia southeast of Lexington, threatening to trap the rebels against the Missouri River. On September 29, Price abandoned Lexington, and soon was forced to abandon the state headed to Arkansas and later Mississippi.

      On November 1, seven weeks after Colfax's visit, Frémont ordered Grant to make demonstrations along the Mississippi against the Confederates, but not to directly engage the enemy. The following day Frémont was relieved from command by Lincoln for refusing to revoke his August 30 edict. On November 7, Grant attacked Belmont drawing Confederate troops from Columbus and inflicting Confederate casualties. In February 1862, Grant, in combination with the Union navy, captured Confederate Forts Henry and Donelson, forcing Polk to abandon Columbus. The Confederate army was finally pushed out of Kentucky after Union General Don Carlos Buell defeated Confederate General Braxton Bragg at the Battle of Perryville in October, 1862.

      Speaker of the House

      Colfax faced a difficult reelection campaign in 1862 due to strong antiwar sentiments in Indiana, but won a narrow victory over Democrat David Turpie. Among the incumbents defeated that year was Speaker of the House Galusha Grow. When the 38th Congress convened in December 1863, Colfax was elected speaker, despite President Lincoln's preference for someone less tied to the Radical Republicans.[2] Altogether, Colfax was elected speaker for three congresses:

      During his first term as speaker, Colfax presided over the establishment of the Freedmen's Bureau, and helped secure congressional passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, which, when ratified by the states, abolished slavery. Though it is unusual for the speaker to vote, Colfax directed the clerk to call his name after the roll call vote had been taken. He then cast the final vote in favor of the amendment to much applause from its supporters in the House.[17]Colfax's name is attached to the Fourteenth Amendendment that gave African Americans, former slaves, naturalized United States citizenship.[18]

      On April 14, 1865, President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. Booth had assigned some co-conspirators to assassinate Vice President Andrew Johnson and Secretary of State William H. Seward. Both of these attacks failed as Johnson's attacker lost his nerve and Seward survived his wounds. If both Lincoln and Johnson had been killed, as Speaker of the House, Colfax would've been sworn in as President.

      Reconstruction

      In 1865, Colfax, along with author Samuel Bowles and Lieutenant Governor of Illinois William Bross, set out across the western territories from Mississippi to the California coast to record their experiences. They compiled their observations in an 1869 book called Our New West. Included in their book were details of the views of Los Angeles, with its wide panorama of vast citrus groves and orchards, and conversations with Brigham Young.

      On September 17, 1867, Colfax, along with Senator John Sherman, addressed a Republican meeting in Lebanon, Ohio on the political situation in Washington.[19] Colfax said he was firmly against allowing those who participated in the Confederate rebellion to be reinstated in office and control Republican Reconstruction policy. Colfax affirmed that he was not in any way for repudiating the debt caused by the Confederate rebellion.[19] Colfax said Congressional reconstruction would give security and peace to the nation as opposed to President Johnson and his southern Democratic policies. Colfax favored Johnson's impeachment saying Johnson was recreant, a usurper, and was unfaithful in executing the Reconstruction laws of the land in granting a general amnesty to Southerners who had participated in the rebellion. Colfax told Republicans who were tired of Reconstruction to leave the party and join the Democrats.[19]

      Election of 1868

      Grant Colfax 1868 Campaign Poster

      During the 1868 Republican Convention the Republicans nominated Ulysses S. Grant for president.[20] Colfax was selected for vice president on the fifth ballot.[21] Colfax was popular among Republicans for his friendly character, party loyalty, and Radical views on Reconstruction.[21] Among Republicans he was known as "Smiler Colfax."[21] Grant won the general election, and Colfax was elected the 17th Vice President of the United States.

      On March 3, 1869, the final full day of the 40th Congress, Colfax, who was to be sworn into office as vice president the next day, resigned as speaker. Immediately afterward, the House passed a motion declaring Theodore Pomeroy duly elected speaker in place of Colfax. In office for one day, his is the shortest tenure of any speaker of the U.S. House.[22]

      Vice president (1869–1873)

      Vice President Schuyler Colfax

      Colfax was inaugurated March 4, 1869, and served until March 4, 1873. Grant and Colfax, 46 and 45 respectively at the time of their inauguration, were the youngest presidential and vice presidential team until the inauguration of Bill Clinton and Al Gore in 1993.[23]

      Colfax and John Nance Garner, the first vice president under Franklin Roosevelt, are the only two vice presidents to have been Speaker of the House of Representatives prior to becoming vice president, and since the vice president is the President of the Senate, they are the only two people to have served as the presiding officer of both Houses of Congress.

      Italian unity

      On Friday, January 6, 1871, from Washington, D.C., in a letter published in the New York Times, Colfax recognized and rejoiced in King Victor Emmanuel II's victory of unifying Italy and setting up a new government in Rome. Colfax encouraged Italy to form a Republican government that protected religious freedom, regardless of faith, and the civil rights of all individuals, including those who lived in poverty. Colfax said, "for out of this new life of civil and religious liberty will flow peace and happiness, progress and prosperity, with material and national development, and advancement as surely as healthy springs flow from fountains of purity."[24]

      Election of 1872

      Prior to the 1872 Presidential election, Colfax believed that Grant would only serve one term as President.[21] In 1870 Colfax announced he would not run for political office in 1872.[21] Colfax's announcement failed to garner prominent support among Republicans for a presidential bid, as he had planned, while Grant decided to run for a second term.[21] In addition, Liberal Republican interest in Colfax as a possible presidential candidate alienated him from Grant and the regular Republicans. (The Liberal Republicans believed that the Grant administration was corrupt and were against Grant's attempted annexation of Santo Domingo.)[21] Colfax reversed course and became a candidate for the Republican vice presidential nomination by informing his supporters that he would accept it if it was offered.[21] However, Colfax's previously stated intent not to run in 1872 had created the possibility of a contested nomination, and Senator Henry Wilson defeated Colfax by 399.5 delegate votes to 321.5.[21] Grant went on to win election to a second term, and Wilson became the 18th Vice-President of the United States.[21]

      Crédit Mobilier scandal

      In September 1872, during the presidential campaign, Colfax's reputation was marred by a New York Sun article which indicated that he was involved in the Crédit Mobilier scandal. Colfax was one of several Representatives and Senators (mostly Republicans), who were offered (and possibly took) bribes of cash and discounted shares in the Union Pacific Railroad's Crédit Mobilier subsidiary in 1868 from Congressman Oakes Ames for votes favorable to the Union Pacific during the building of the First Transcontinental Railroad. Henry Wilson was among those accused, but after initially denying a connection, he provided a complicated explanation to a Senate investigating committee, which involved his wife having purchased shares with her own money, and then later canceling the transaction over concerns about its propriety. Wilson's reputation for integrity was somewhat dampened, but not enough to prevent him from becoming vice president.

      Colfax was castigated for his involvement in the Crédit Mobilier scandal in this March 6, 1873 political cartoon in which Uncle Sam is shown encouraging Colfax to commit hara-kiri.

      Colfax also denied involvement to the press, and defended himself in person before a House investigative committee, testifying in January 1873 that he had never received a dividend check from Ames.[5] Despite his protests of innocence, the congressional investigation revealed that in 1868 Colfax had taken a $1,200 gift check for 20 shares of Crédit Mobilier stock from Ames. Colfax had deposited $1,200 in his bank account at the same time Ames recorded that he had paid Colfax $1,200.[25] Making matters worse for Colfax, the investigation also revealed that Colfax had received a $4,000 gift also in 1868 from a contractor who supplied envelopes to the federal government while Colfax was chairman of the Committee on Post Offices and Post Roads, and so had influence in the awarding of such contracts.[26] Afterward, a resolution to impeach the vice president was introduced in the House, but failed to pass by a mostly party-line vote, mainly because the incident took place during his tenure as congressman (not as vice president), and because just a few weeks remained in his term.[26]

      His political career ruined, Colfax left office under a cloud at the end of his term, and never ran for office again.[20][26][27] His only consolation on that bitterly cold[28] March day was a hand-written letter from Ulysses Grant. In it, the president wrote,

      I sympathize with you in the recent congressional investigations; that I have watched them closely, and that I am satisfied now as I have ever been of your integrity, patriotism and freedom from the charges imputed as if I knew of my own knowledge your innocence. Our official relations have been so pleasant that I would like to keep up the personal relations engendered, through life.[29]

      Lecturer and business executive

      After leaving office in March 1873, Colfax began to recover his reputation, embarking on a successful career as a traveling lecturer offering speeches on a variety of topics. His most requested presentation was one on the life of Abraham Lincoln, whom the nation had begun to turn into an icon. With an expanding population that desired to know more details and context about Lincoln's life and career, an oration from someone who had known him personally was an attraction audiences were willing to pay to hear, and Colfax delivered his Lincoln lecture hundreds of times to positive reviews.

      In 1875, he became vice president of the Indiana Reaper and Iron Company.[30] On February 12, 1875, having returned to Washington, D.C., to give a lecture, he advised his friends in Congress who were frustrated over the slow pace of action: "Ah! the way to get out of politics is to get out of politics."[30]

      He had remained popular in his home area, and was often encouraged to run again for public office, but he always declined. Finally, in April 1882, when pressed to consider becoming a candidate for his old U.S. House seat in the upcoming election, Colfax announced in a letter to the South Bend Tribune that, while he deeply appreciated how much his friends wanted him to run for public office again, he was satisfied by the 20 years of service he had given during the "stormiest years of our nation's history." He also said that he was enjoying his life as a private citizen, and would neither be a candidate nor accept any nomination for any office in the future, stating, "only ambition now is to go in and out among my townsmen as a private citizen during what years of life may remain for me to enjoy on this earth."[31]

      Personal life

      Ellen M. Wade, second wife of Schuyler Colfax

      Colfax was married twice:

      • On October 10, 1844, he married his childhood friend Evelyn Clark. She died in 1863; they had no children.
      • On November 18, 1868, two weeks after winning the vice presidency, he married Ellen (Ella) M. Wade (1836–1911), a niece of Senator Benjamin Wade. They had one son, Schuyler Colfax III (1870–1925), who served as mayor of South Bend, Indiana, from 1898 to 1901. He assumed office at the age of 28, and remains the youngest person to become mayor in the city's history.[32]

      Colfax was a member of the Independent Order of Odd Fellows (IOOF). In 1850/51, Colfax, along with members William T. Martin of Mississippi and E. G. Steel of Tennessee, were appointed to prepare a Ritual of ceremonies pertaining to the Rebekah Degree and report at the 1851 session.[33] On September 20, 1851, the IOOF approved the degree and Colfax was considered the author and founder.[34][35]

      In 1854 Colfax was initiated into the Beta Theta Pi fraternity at DePauw University as an honorary member.[36]

      Death and burial

      Gravesite of Schuyler Colfax, in South Bend City Cemetery, South Bend, Indiana

      On January 13, 1885, Colfax walked about three-quarters of a mile (1 kilometer) in −30 °F (−34 °C) weather from the Front Street depot to the Omaha depot in Mankato, Minnesota, intending to change trains on his way to Rock Rapids, Iowa, to give a speech.[37] Five minutes after arriving at the depot, Colfax died of a heart attack brought on by the extreme cold and exhaustion. He was 61.[38]

      He was buried in the City Cemetery at South Bend, Indiana.[39] A historical marker in Mankato in Washington Park, site of the former depot, marks the spot where he died. Colfax died the same year as President Grant.

      Historical reputation

      Colfax's 20 years of public service ended in controversy in 1873 due to the revelation that he was involved in the Crédit Mobilier scandal. He never returned to seek political office in part because he believed that it was best to stay out of politics once leaving office, and in part because he was content with his life as a private citizen. Because of his success as a lecturer, his reputation was somewhat restored.

      Towns in the U.S. states of California, North Carolina, Illinois, Washington, Wisconsin, Indiana, Iowa, Texas, and Louisiana are named after him. Schuyler, Nebraska, named after Colfax, is the county seat of Colfax County, Nebraska. The ghost town of Colfax, Colorado, was named after him, as was Colfax County, New Mexico.

      Colfax Avenue in South Bend is named in his honor. Colfax's home of his adult years stood on that street, at 601 W. Market St. The city later renamed the street in his honor. The Colfax home was demolished and a Seventh Day Adventist church stands on the spot in 2019. There is another Colfax Avenue in Mishawaka, Indiana, the city just east of South Bend. The main east-west street traversing Aurora, Denver and Lakewood, Colorado, and abutting the Colorado State Capitol is named Colfax Avenue in the politician's honor. There also is Colfax Place in the Highland Square neighborhood in Akron, Ohio, in Grant City in New York's Staten Island; in Minneapolis, Minnesota; in Roselle Park, New Jersey; and a Colfax Street on Chicago's South Side. There is a Colfax Street leading up Mt. Colfax in Springdale, Pennsylvania, in Palatine, Illinois, in Evanston, Illinois, and Jamestown, New York. Dallas, Texas, and one of its suburbs, Richardson, each have separate residential roads named Colfax Drive. There is also a Colfax Avenue in the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles and in Concord, California, as well as in Benton Harbor, Michigan, where the school fight song contains the phrase "of that Colfax school" because the high school is located on the street.

      Colfax School was built in South Bend and opened in 1898 just a few blocks from the Schuyler Colfax home. The school building still stands in 2019 at 914 Lincoln Way West, although it is no longer a school and today is known as Colfax Cultural Center. In the '50's and '60's, one of the downtown movie theaters was "The Colfax." There is a Colfax Elementary School in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The elementary school and high school in Colfax, California, also bear his last name. The Schuyler-Colfax House, built by Colfax's antecedents,[40] can be found in Wayne, New Jersey. Also in Wayne is a middle school bearing the same name, near the intersection of Hamburg Turnpike and Colfax Rd. Members of his family reside in northern New Jersey, but no longer own the Colfax museum. They are currently trying to purchase the museum and all of its contents.

      Media portrayals

      Actor Bill Raymond portrayed Colfax during his time as Speaker in the 2012 Steven Spielberg film Lincoln. Raymond was in his early seventies when the film was made while Colfax was in his early forties when the movie was set.

      See also

      References

      1. staff editors (January 9, 2020). "Schuyler Colfax, VICE PRESIDENT OF UNITED STATES". britannica.com.
      2. "Schuyler Colfax, 17th Vice President (1869-1873)". Secretary of the Senate, Washington, D.C. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
      3. Feinman, Ronald L. (October 31, 2015). "21 Significant Speakers Of The House In American History". theprogressiveprofessor.com. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
      4. The Magazine of History
      5. BDOA_CS_1906.
      6. William Nelson (1876). Biographical Sketch of William Colfax, Captain of Washington's Body Guard.
      7. Hollister, Ovando James (1886). Life of Schuyler Colfax. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. pp. 14–19. OCLC 697981267.
      8. The Campaign Lives of Ulysses S. Grant and Schuyler Colfax. Cincinnati, Ohio: C. F. Vent & Company. 1868. pp. 361–262. Retrieved April 6, 2019 via Making of America digital library.
      9. Trefousse, Hans (1991). Historical Dictionary of Reconstruction. New York: Greenwood Press. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0313258627. OCLC 23253205.
      10. Brand, Carl Fremont (1916). The History of the Know Nothing Party in Indiana. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University. p. 74, note 39.
      11. "THE KANSAS CODE; Character of Chief Justice Lecompte" (PDF). The New York Times. July 12, 1856. Retrieved April 5, 2019 via The Times's print archive.
      12. Hay and Nicolay. Life of Lincoln, Vol. 3. p. 353,354.
      13. Abbot 1864, p. 282,283.
      14. "US House Speaker (1863)". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
      15. "US House Speaker (1865)". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
      16. "US House Speaker (1867)". ourcampaigns.com. Retrieved April 5, 2019.
      17. Rives, F. & J. (January 31, 1865). "Proceedings, January 31, 1865". Congressional Globe. Washington, DC. p. 531.>
      18. A Century of Lawmaking Thirty-Ninth Congress Sess. I Res. 48, 49. 1866. pp. 358–359.
      19. "Hon. Schuyler Colfax on the Political Situation" (PDF). The New York Times. September 20, 1867. Retrieved April 5, 2019 via The Times's print archive.
      20. Bain, David Haward (2004). The Old Iron Road: An Epic of Rails, Roads, and the Urge to Go West. New York City, New York: Penguin Books. pp. 65–6. ISBN 0-14-303526-6.
      21. Joseph E. Delgatto, Indiana Journal Hall of Fame, Schuyler Colfax 1966
      22. "The shortest period of service for a Speaker on record: March 03, 1869". Historical Highlights. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved March 20, 2019.
      23. Ifill, Gwen (July 10, 1992). "The 1992 Campaign: Democrats; Clinton Selects Senator Gore of Tennessee as Running Mate". The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
      24. "Hon. Schuyler Colfax on Italian Unity" (PDF). The New York Times. January 10, 1871. Retrieved April 7, 2019 via The Times's print archive.
      25. Chernow 2017.
      26. MacDonald 1930, p. 298.
      27. Brinkley, Alan (2008). The Unfinished Nation: A Concise History of the American People (5th ed.). New York City, New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 409. ISBN 978-0-07-330702-2.
      28. "The 22nd Presidential Inauguration: Ulysses S. Grant March 04, 1873". inaugural.senate.gov. The Joint Congressional Committee on Inaugural Ceremonies. Retrieved April 7, 2019.
      29. Chernow 2017, p. 753.
      30. "Washington Gossip: Social Topics at the National Capital; A Visit From Schuyler Colfax" (PDF). The New York Times. February 14, 1875. Retrieved April 7, 2019 via The Times's print archive.
      31. "Schuyler Colfax Refuses" (PDF). The New York Times. April 7, 1882. Retrieved April 7, 2019 via The Times's print archive.
      32. Sloma, Tricia (November 9, 2011). "Pete Buttigieg becomes second youngest mayor in South Bend". South Bend, Indiana: WNDU – Channel 16. Retrieved April 12, 2019.
      33. Humphrey, Jimmy C., editor (January 1, 2015). "How Time has Changed... The Degree of Rebekah" (PDF). I.O.O.F. News. Winston-Salem, NC. p. 13.
      34. "Our Rebekah History". Official website. Rebekah Assembly of Idaho. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
      35. "The International Association of Rebekah Assemblies". Rebekahs In the San Francisco/San Jose Bay Area – website. Archived from the original on 22 May 2010. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
      36. William Raimond Baird (1906). Hand-book of Beta Theta Pi. New York, NY: Published by the author. p. 297.
      37. Hollister, 1886.
      38. "Schuyler Colfax Dead", The New York Times, January 14, 1885, p. 1.
      39. Kestenbaum, Lawrence. "The Political Graveyard: St. Joseph County, Ind". politicalgraveyard.com.
      40. "Historic House Museums, Structures and Sites". Wayne Township Parks and Recreation Department. Town of Wayne, NJ. Retrieved May 28, 2016.

      Books cited

      Additional reading

      U.S. House of Representatives
      Preceded by
      Norman Eddy
      Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
      from Indiana's 9th congressional district

      1855–1869
      Succeeded by
      John P. C. Shanks
      Political offices
      Preceded by
      Galusha A. Grow
      Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives
      1863–1869
      Succeeded by
      Theodore M. Pomeroy
      Preceded by
      Andrew Johnson
      Vice President of the United States
      1869–1873
      Succeeded by
      Henry Wilson
      Party political offices
      Preceded by
      Andrew Johnson1
      Republican nominee for Vice President of the United States
      1868
      Succeeded by
      Henry Wilson
      Notes and references
      1. Lincoln and Johnson ran on the National Union ticket in 1864.
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