Kaya (Mijikenda)

More than 50 kaya have been identified within the Kwale, Mombasa, and Kilifi counties.[5] They measure between 30 and 300 hectares each.[6] These are scattered over a coastal stretch of 200 kilometres (120 mi)[7] in the southern coastal plains area of Kenya, between the towns of Mombasa and Kilifi.[8] While visitors are not allowed to enter most makaya, Kaya Kinondo, a 30-hectare forest on Diani Beach, allows visitors and falls under the auspices of the Kaya Kinondo Ecotourism Project.[9]

Many kaya were originally fortified villages of the various ethnic groups, the Digo, Chonyi, Kambe, Duruma, Kauma, Ribe, Rabai, Jibana, and Giriama people. The villages have lowland tropical forest areas in their surrounds and were reached via paths through the forest. The forest flora was used solely for the collection of medicinal herbs. The practices of tree cutting, livestock grazing, and farmland clearing were not permitted within a kaya.[3][10]

In the present day, intensive deforestation for agricultural use and logging necessitated declaring 38 kaya forest areas legally as national monuments. Local communities manage these areas.[11]

Wildlife in the Kaya Kinodao area has been identified which can be visited as part of ecotourism project. While plant species identified are 187 plant, bird species are 48, and butterflies 45 species. Colobus monkey and Golden-rumped elephant shrew are also reported.[11]

Entry into the forest was dictated by the traditional rules set by a governing body called the ngambi formed by elderly members of the community. This governing body was primarily concerned with its management, conservation and utilization of the biological resources in adherence to the traditional beliefs about the sacredness of the forest. However, the creation of central governing body has affected the role of the local elders.[12][2]

An Eco Tourism project was launched in 2001 with funds provided by Ford Foundation with the objective of generating income for the local people and also encourage ecotorism and concurrently help preserve the sacredness of the forests.[11] Eleven Mijikenda kaya were grouped together and inscribed as the Sacred Mijikenda Kaya Forests, a World Heritage Site, in 2008 under criteria (iii), (v), and (vi).[7]

Fingo (protective talismans) are buried in the kaya and are cared for by kaya elders who protect the traditions of the Mijikenda.[13] Mijikenda believe that they brought the fingo charms from their ancestral home of Shungwaya, a myth of origin. In the present day, many fingo are lost or stolen, considered to be objet d'art.[14]

There are many myths and beliefs narrated by the local women of the area which relate to the sacredness of these forests. It is the general belief that the forests are inhabited by spirits. Some of them believe that cutting a tree with a machete could result in the machete rebounding and causing injury to the leg which could be healed only by offering cloth to village elders in a ceremony. It is also believed that food cooked using wood from these sacred forest could cause sickness, and also that a dwelling built with timber drawn from the forest would collapse. The conservation of the sacredness of the forest was aimed at preserving its darkness.[15][2]

Bibliography

• Eaton; Lorentzen (8 September 2004). Ecofeminism and Globalization: Exploring Culture, Context, and Religion. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0-585-48276-7.
• Njogu, Kimani; Middleton, John (2009). Media and Identity in Africa. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-22201-5.
• Parkin, David (16 March 2006). The Sacred Void: Spatial Images of Work and Ritual Among the Giriama of Kenya. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-02498-3.
• Trillo, Richard (1 May 2013). The Rough Guide to Kenya. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-4093-3018-9.
• Trosper, Ronald L. (14 October 2011). Traditional Forest-Related Knowledge: Sustaining Communities, Ecosystems and Biocultural Diversity. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-2144-9.
• Zeppel, Heather (2006). Indigenous Ecotourism: Sustainable Development and Management. CABI. ISBN 978-1-84593-125-4.

• The kaya forests in Kenya sacred sites listed by Unesco online video (14 min)