King (company)

King.com Limited, trading as King and also known as King Digital Entertainment, is a video game developer based in St. Julian's that specialises in social games. King gained fame after releasing the cross-platform title Candy Crush Saga in 2012, considered one of the most financially successful games utilising the freemium model. King was acquired by Activision Blizzard in February 2016 for US$5.9 billion , and operates as its own entity within that company. King is led by Riccardo Zacconi, who has served in the role of chief executive officer since co-founding the company in 2003.[1] Gerhard Florin took over Melvyn Morris's role as chairman in November 2014. As of 2017, King employs 2,000 people.[2]

King.com Limited
TypeSubsidiary
IndustryVideo games
FoundedAugust 2003 (2003-08) in Stockholm, Sweden
Founders
Headquarters
St. Julian's
,
Malta
Number of locations
11 studios (2019)
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
ProductsCandy Crush Saga
Number of employees
2,000 (2017)
ParentActivision Blizzard (2016–present)
Websiteking.com

History

Founding

Prior to founding King, Riccardo Zacconi and Toby Rowland, the latter of who is the only son of British businessman Tiny Rowland, had worked together on uDate.com, a dating website created by Melvyn Morris which, by 2003, was the second-largest such site in the world.[3] Morris opted to sell the site to the leading dating website Match.com (a subsidiary of IAC) for $150 million in 2003.[3][4] Zacconi and Rowland joined with Thomas Hartwig, Sebastian Knutsson, Lars Markgren and Patrik Stymne, all whom had worked previously with Zacconi at the failed dot-com web portal Spray, to create a new company with angel investment provided by Morris, who became the company's chairman.[3] The company was initially based out of Stockholm, Sweden, and started with the development of browser-based video games.[5][6] The site, Midasplayer.com, was then launched in August of that year.[7]

Initially, Midasplayer.com was not profitable, and nearly went bankrupt until a cash infusion from Morris on Christmas Eve of 2003 helped to finance the company.[1] By 2005, the company had been able to turn a profit.[1] During this year, the company raised $43 million by selling a large stake to Apax Partners and Index Ventures.[6] This investment was the last one that the company received before its initial public offering in 2014.[8] Midasplayer.com was rebranded King.com in November 2005.[7] King.com continued to develop games for its web portal, which it would also share to other web portals like Yahoo![9] Overall, King had developed about 200 games for their portal.[2] By 2009, the company was making about $60 million annually.[10] Rowland departed the company in 2008 to found Mangahigh, a web portal aimed for educational math games,[11] and sold his stake back to the company for $3 million in 2011.[4] Angel investor and former board member Klaus Hommels sold his similar stake at the same time.[6]

Transition to social gaming

Around 2009, social network games on Facebook began to gain popularity, led primarily through games developed by Zynga. King.com saw a significant drop in players on their portal games as a result, and started to develop their own Facebook-based games using the games already developed on the King.com portal, with their first such game released in 2010. King.com used their web portal as a testing grounds for new game ideas and determine which ones to bring to Facebook, as well as determining how to implement various microtransactions for tournament-style play into the Facebook games.[12] Their first cross-platform web portal/Facebook game, Miner Speed, which allowed sharing of player information between platforms, was released in 2011, and was a simple match-3 tile game inspired by Bejeweled.[13]

Following this model, in October 2011, the company released Bubble Witch Saga to both platforms. Bubble Witch Saga introduced the nature of a "saga" game, that instead of playing the same gameboard for as long as the player could continue to match matches, that instead the game offered individual levels that would challenge the player to complete certain goals in a limited number of turns. These saga elements allowed for the basics of social gameplay, but did not require the time investment that then-popular titles like Zynga's Farmville required; players could play just for a few minutes each day through the saga model.[14] The formula proved extremely successful, and January 2012, Bubble Witch Saga had over 10 million players and was one of the most-played Facebook games.[15] By April 2012, King.com had the second largest player count, around 30 million unique users,[6] second only to Zynga on the Facebook platform.[9] Facebook's director of games partnerships Sean Ryan described King.com's growth on the platform as "They were not a flash in the pan – they've been around seven years. But they came out of no where in an area that was unexpected."[16] King.com next released Candy Crush Saga in April 2012, based on the popularity of its Candy Crush web-portal game and following the saga model from Bubble Witch Saga.[17] The game attracted more than 4 million players within a few weeks.[18]

The popularity of Bubble Witch Saga and Candy Crush Saga led King.com to start a new strategy into developing for the growing mobile game market, in a manner that would allow players to synchronise with the Facebook platform. Zacconi said that "As consumers and the industry focus more on games for mobile devices, launching a truly cross-platform Facebook game has been a top priority for King.com."[19] A mobile version for iOS device of Bubble Witch Saga was released in July 2012,[19] while the iOS mobile version of Candy Crush Saga was released in October 2012.[20] Both games saw boosts in the number of unique players with the mobile introduction; King.com saw that previously-declining player counts for Bubble Witch Saga become steady with the mobile version's release, while Candy Crush Saga saw more than 5.2 million unique players on Facebook in November 2012 and which were continuing to climb. Additionally, in-game advertising, which factored into about 15% of King.com's revenues, had increased ten-fold from 2011 into 2012.[21] Users jumped to 408 million by the end of 2013.[6] Revenues for King.com increased from a little over $62 million in 2011 to $1.88 billion in 2013.[6]

In March 2013, on the ten-year anniversary of its founding, the company announced it was dropping the ".com" part of its branding and would continue on as just "King".[22]

Initial public offering

In mid-2013, King.com had considered filing an initial public offering (IPO) in the United States. Zacconi had said that "The IPO is an option...We are building the company and part of that is investigating options."[23] The company applied for IPO in September 2013. Its filing was made using allowances in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act to keep details of the IPO secret until it was to be offered. The IPO was backed by Bank of America, Merrill Lynch, Credit Suisse Group AG and JPMorgan Chase & Co. The IPO gained great interest, as it followed Zynga's $1 billion IPO in 2011 and Twitter's IPO earlier in the month.[8]

King completed its IPO on 26 March 2014. Priced at $22.50 a share, the middle of its projected price range, the IPO valued the company at US$7.08 billion. About $500 million was raised through the sale of 22.2 million shares. Of that, 15.3 million shares came from the company and the rest from Apax and other stakeholders. It was the largest ever IPO for a mobile/social gaming company in the US, eclipsing Zynga's 2011 offering.[1] To celebrate the debut, Candy Crush mascots took to the New York Stock Exchange.[4] Morris was the company's largest shareholder with approximately 35.6 million shares valued at $821 million.[3][4] The company began trading under the "KING" symbol on the New York Stock Exchange.[1]

Shares of King fell 15.6% on the first day of trading, closing at $19.[4] By June, the company's valuation had dropped by $2 billion, though otherwise was still profitable. Zacconi noted that their strategy from this point was not to find another "mega-hit" like Candy Crush Saga, but to "build a portfolio of games", carrying King's game design approach to other genres.[10] Revenue following the IPO were over $2.6 billion in 2014, with Candy Crush Saga generating nearly half of that amount.[24]

King acquired Seattle-based mobile studio Z2Live in February 2015.[25]

Acquisition by Activision Blizzard

In November 2015, Activision Blizzard announced its plans to acquire King for $5.9 billion. Upon announcement of the news, USA Today reported that the deal "gives Activision immediate access to the growing mobile gaming audience, the fastest-rising sector in video games".[5] On 23 February 2016, Activision Blizzard closed its acquisition of King for a deal of $5.9 billion.[26] Activision Blizzard as a result operates the world's largest game network,[27] reaching around 500 million users[27] in 196 countries.[28] About the King acquisition, the CEO of Activision Blizzard explained that "we see great opportunities to create new ways for audiences to experience their favorite franchises, from Candy Crush to World of Warcraft to Call of Duty and more, across mobile devices, consoles and personal computers."[27]

In January 2019, Humam Sakhnini was installed as president of King, reporting directly to Zacconi.[29] As part of a large workforce reduction announced in February 2019 across the whole of Activision Blizzard, King's Z2Live studio in Seattle was shuttered.[30] Zacconi stepped down as CEO on 1 July 2019, remaining as chairman until August 2020, when he left the company entirely.[29][31]

Revenue model

King's games, prior to June 2013, made revenue for the company through a combination of in-game advertising and microtransactions. These microtransactions allow for players to use funds to purchase in-game booster items that could be used to help clear certain levels, additional lives, and immediate access to new levels instead of having to wait for a few days.

In June 2013, the company opted to remove all in-game advertising from their games, relying solely on microtransactions. The company stated that due to their "focus around delivering an uninterrupted entertainment experience for our network of loyal players across web, tablet and mobile has unfortunately led to the difficult decision of removing advertising as a core element of King's overall strategy".[32] Advertising revenue had only made up 10% of the company's earnings in 2012, and only 1% within 2013; the company in its IPO files stated they do not anticipate any further earnings from advertising revenue.[33] While King relies heavily on in-game purchases, it is estimated that only single-digit percentages of all players of their games have spent money on their titles. In Q4 2014, King had 356 million monthly unique users, with 8.3 million of them spending money. The 2.3% that pay spent an average of $23.42 a month within the games.[24] King stated that their model is aimed to continue to draw existing and new players to all of their games: "If the cost to acquire players is greater than the revenue we generate over time from those players and if we cannot successfully migrate our current players to new games and new platforms as we have historically done so, our business and operating results will be harmed".[33]

Games

King games offer asynchronous play, enabling users to connect to their Facebook account whilst playing on their smartphone or tablet device. This means that the user's progress is updated across all platforms, allowing the player to switch from smartphone, to tablet, to Facebook without losing their progress in the game.[34][35]

Bubble Witch Saga was King's first mobile game, released in July 2012 after its launch on Facebook in September 2011.[36][37] Papa Pear Saga was released in March 2013 on Facebook, it is a Peggle variation.[38]

Around 2012, Pyramid Solitaire Saga was soft launched on Facebook. It was released on mobile in May 2014.[39] In late 2012 Pet Rescue Saga was launched on Facebook, then on iOS and Android In June 2013, Candy Crush Soda Saga was soft launched on Facebook and mobile[40] and Bubble Witch 2 Saga was widely released for Android and iOS devices.[41] In November 2014, Candy Crush Soda Saga was widely released on Android and iOS.[42] Alpha Betty Saga launched on Facebook in April 2015. This game is a variation of Bookworm.

In 2013, King acquired the Defold game engine, developed by Ragnar Svensson and Christian Murray in 2007 as a lightweight 2D game engine. The two had offered the engine to King as well as their services as contractors to support it, and later bought the engine, using it first for the game Blossom Blast Saga.[43] In March 2016, King released the Defold engine as a free development tool for any user,[44] and by May 2020, it ceded control of the engine to the Defold Foundation, which made the engine open source with plans to continue to support it with additional investment from King.[45]

King announced in April 2017 that they will be developing a mobile Call of Duty game, a property owned by Activision; the game would be one of the first ones outside of the casual mobile space for the company.[46]

King's most popular game is Candy Crush Saga, which was launched on King's website in March 2011, which is a tile-matching game. It launched on Facebook in April 2012 and quickly gained popularity. Following its success on Facebook, King launched Candy Crush Saga on mobile (iOS and Android) in November 2012. The game was downloaded over 10 million times in its first month.[47] In January 2013, it became the number one most played game on Facebook.[48][49] It had over 45 million monthly users in March 2013. By January 2014, it had over 150 million monthly users.[50]

While King continues to release other titles, the company's principle focus as of November 2017 are on its four most popular series: Candy Crush Saga, Bubble Witch Saga, Pet Rescue Saga, and Farm Heroes Saga.[51]

Year Title Status Description
2011 Bubble Witch Saga Discontinued Similar to Puzzle Bobble, players aim coloured bubbles at a field, clearing bubbles whenever they make three or more interconnecting matches.
2012 Pyramid Solitaire Saga Available Based on the solitaire card game Pyramid, players attempt to clear a board of cards by selecting cards that have are the next highest or lowest value of the card they just selected or dealt themselves.
Candy Crush Saga Available A match-3 swapping tile game but includes special candy tiles that can be created from matches, and unique goals.
Pet Rescue Saga Available Based on SameGame where the player selects matching adjacent boxes of the same colour to clear the game board, freeing animals atop the boxes once they reach the bottom.
2013 Papa Pear Saga Available A variation of Peggle where the player shoots projectiles onto a game board to clear various pegs and land the projectiles into scoring containers at the bottom of the game board.
Farm Heroes Saga Available A match-3 swapping tile game to collect various crops to meet each puzzle's quote.
Pepper Panic Saga Discontinued A match-3 swapping tile game to collect hot peppers, where matches are based on both colour and size, and a successful match leaves behind a pepper of a larger size.
2014 Bubble Witch 2 Saga Available A sequel to Bubble Witch Saga, following primarily the same gameplay mechanics but adding new level types.
Diamond Digger Saga Available Another variation of SameGame, but where matching groups of same-coloured tiles clears out dirt and rock to create a route for water to flow between the level's entrance and exit.
Candy Crush Soda Saga Available Expanding on Candy Crush Saga by adding additional candy tile types, soda-filling levels that causes candy tiles to float instead of sink, and other puzzle objectives.
2015 AlphaBetty Saga Available A tile-matching game following the concept of Boggle and Bookworm where the player attempts to make words from adjacent letter tiles.
Scrubby Dubby Saga Discontinued A tile-matching game similar to Chuzzle where instead of swapping titles, the player slides a row or column to make matches.
Paradise Bay Discontinued A village simulation game in the nature of Farmville, developed by Z2, a studio acquired by King. This game was permanently discontinued on the 17th of May 2019.[52]
Blossom Blast Saga Available A variant of Talismania, flowers of various colours are placed on a hex grid, and the player traces a line of similar-coloured flowers to match them up and make them bloom. Fully bloomed flowers then expand and "pop", clearing the flowers around them.
2016 Candy Crush Jelly Saga Available Expanding on Candy Crush Saga and Candy Crush Soda Saga, with many levels requiring players to spread jelly across the game board, and adding boss battles with a computer opponent.[53]
Farm Heroes Super Saga Available Expanding on Farm Heroes Saga, players must help the squirrel to get the nuts by moving the squares on the board however each move you take the wind blows in that direction moving the couloirs on the board.
Shuffle Cats Discontinued A game like rummy where the object is to meld a number of cards before the opponent does.
2017 Bubble Witch 3 Saga Available A sequel in the Bubble Witch Saga series.
Legend of Solgard Available Developed by Snowprint Studios and published by King (now published by Snowprint Studios), a role-playing game with match-3 gameplay mechanics.[54]
2018 Diamond Diaries Saga Available A match-3 linking game title, Create precious items of jewelry by linking 3 or more charms of the same color and complete the goal before you run out of moves!
Candy Crush Friends Saga Available A sequel in the Candy Crush Saga series.[55]
2019 Pet Rescue Puzzle Saga Discontinued A sequel in the Pet Rescue Saga series.[56]
Knighthood Available Devoloped by Midoki, A Mobile RPG game Create your own character and customize your Knight as you collect legendary new gear. In this medieval chaos, your battle rage is your strongest weapon! Travel the world of Astellan and challenge enemies in epic turn-based duels to power up your gauntlet and summon mythical heroes.
2021 Crash Bandicoot: On the Run! Upcoming An auto-runner game based on Activision's Crash Bandicoot series.[57]

Trademark and cloning disputes

In January 2014, King attracted controversy after attempting to trademark the words "Candy" and "Saga" in game titles.[58] This directly impacted Stoic's trademark request for The Banner Saga, to which King filed an opposition, calling the name "deceptively similar" to King games.[58] Stoic said that the dispute hindered work on a planned sequel to their game.[59] On 17 April 2014, it was reported that King has settled its disputes with Stoic Studio and Runsome Apps.[60]

Also in January 2014, game developer Matthew Cox accused King of ripping off his game Scamperghost, saying King's Pac-Avoid was a clone of it. According to Cox, he was in talks with King about licensing Scamperghost, but when the deal fell through the company released the game Pac-Avoid. Cox said Epicshadows, the developer of Pac-Avoid, told him that King had approached them to "clone the game very quickly".[61] King removed the game from its website, but denied the cloning allegation, stating that they were removing the game "for the avoidance of doubt".[62]

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