Pitfall!

Pitfall! is a video game designed by David Crane for the Atari 2600 and released by Activision in 1982. The player controls Pitfall Harry and is tasked with collecting all the treasures in a jungle within 20 minutes while avoiding obstacles and hazards.

This article is about the video game. For other uses, see Pitfall.

Pitfall!
Developer(s)Activision
Publisher(s)Activision
Designer(s)David Crane
Platform(s)Atari 2600, Atari 5200, Atari 8-bit, ColecoVision, MSX, C64, Intellivision, Apple II
Release
Genre(s)Platform
Mode(s)Single-player

Pitfall! received positive reviews upon release and is now considered one of the greatest video games of all time. It is one of the best-selling games on the Atari 2600, with over four million copies sold.[2][3] It was the top video game on the Billboard charts for more than a year, inspired numerous sequels and ports across a variety of gaming consoles, and helped define the side-scrolling platform game genre.

Gameplay
In the Atari 2600 original, Pitfall Harry swings over a pit.

The player controls the character (Pitfall Harry) through a maze-like jungle in an attempt to recover 32 treasures in a 20-minute time period.[4] Along the way, players must maneuver through numerous hazards, including pits, quicksand, rolling logs, fire, rattlesnakes, scorpions, and crocodiles. Harry may jump over or otherwise avoid these obstacles by climbing, running, or swinging on vines. Treasure includes bags of money, gold and silver bars, and diamond rings, which range in value from 2000 to 5000 points in 1000-point increments. There are eight of each treasure type, with 32 in total. A perfect score of 114,000 is achieved by claiming all 32 treasures without losing any points. Points are deducted by either falling in a hole (100 points) or touching logs; point loss depends on how long contact is made with the log. Under the jungle there is a tunnel which Harry can access through ladders found at various points. Traveling through the tunnel moves forward three screens at a time, which is necessary in order to collect all the treasures within the time limit.[5] However, the tunnels are filled with dead-ends blocked by brick walls, forcing the player to return to the surface at one of the ladders, and try to find a way around again, thus wasting time. The tunnels also contain scorpions. The player loses a life if Harry comes in contact with any obstacle (except logs) or falls into a tar pit, quicksand, waterhole, or mouth of a crocodile. The game ends when either all 32 treasures have been collected, all three lives have been lost, or the time has run out.

History and development

Pitfall! was created by David Crane, a programmer who worked for Activision in the early 1980s. In a November 2003 interview with Edge he described how in 1979 he had developed the technology to display a realistic running man and in 1982 was searching for a suitable game in which to use it:

I sat down with a blank sheet of paper and drew a stick figure in the center. I said, "Okay, I have a little running man and let's put him on a path [two more lines drawn on the paper]. Where is the path? Let's put it in a jungle [draw some trees]. Why is he running [draw treasures to collect, enemies to avoid, etc.]?" And Pitfall! was born. This entire process took about ten minutes. About 1,000 hours of programming later, the game was complete.

The game's technical achievements included non-flickering multicolored animated sprites on a system with notoriously primitive graphics hardware. Innovative techniques were used to keep the code space within the 4k limit, including a polynomial counter to create 256 screens within 50 bytes of code. The swinging vines are created by repeatedly displaying the Atari's one-pixel "ball" sprite at different offsets.[6]

Release
ColecoVision Pitfall!

Several ports were made for computer systems, such as the MSX, Commodore 64, Atari 800, as well as for home consoles, such as ColecoVision and Intellivision.

Versions of Pitfall! were ported to other home computers under different names around 1983. One version was 'Trapfall' by Ken Kalish[7] through Tom Mix Software for the Tandy Coco, which was licensed and sold as part of the Cuthbert series on the Dragon 32 as Cuthbert in the Jungle by Microdeal in the United Kingdom.[8] This version was then re-ported back to computers like the Commodore 64.[9]

When Pitfall! was originally sold, anyone who scored above 20,000 points could send Activision a picture of his or her television screen to receive a Pitfall Harry Explorer Club patch.[10] The television commercial for Pitfall featured then-child actor Jack Black at age 13 in his first TV role.[11]

Reception

Possibly because of the great success of Raiders of the Lost Ark, Pitfall! for the Atari 2600 was the best-selling home video game of 1982 and the first quarter of 1983.[14] By mid-January 1983 it had been the top-selling game on the Billboard chart for seven weeks—much more successful than E.T., which Atari had paid $21 million to license[15]—and remained in the number one position for 64 weeks in a row.[16] Danny Goodman of Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games stated that Pitfall! was "a standout" among the dozens of 2600 games announced at the summer 1982 Consumer Electronics Show, a "very original cartridge no VCS should be without".[17] Arcade Express reviewed the Atari 2600 version of Pitfall! in August 1982, stating that it "may well be the best adventure game yet produced for the VCS" and giving it a score of 8 out of 10.[13] Electronic Games in June 1983 praised the 2600 version's "superb graphics and varied play-action".[14]

Goodman was surprised that the Intellivision version's graphics were not greatly improved on the 2600's.[17] Video Games in March 1983 criticized Activision for not enhancing the Intellivision version's graphics: "We all know you can do more with graphics on Intellivision than on the VCS. So why no improvements in Pitfall?"[18]

The 2600 version of Pitfall! was awarded "Best Adventure Video Game" at the 4th annual Arkie Awards.[19]:108 Game Informer placed the game 41st on their top 100 video games of all time in 2001.[20] In 2004, Pitfall! was inducted into GameSpot's list of the greatest games of all time.[21] In 2013 Entertainment Weekly listed it as one of the ten best Atari 2600 games.[22]

Legacy

Pitfall! is generally viewed as having created the side-scrolling platforming genre;[22] although it did not scroll, it had all the features of such games, such as the ability to travel up and down on multiple levels of play.[23] The game was also much longer than other Atari 2600 games of its time, which typically lasted only a few minutes. This was due to the majority of such games being ports of arcade games, where short play time encouraged players to spend more money.[24]

Pitfall! is considered one of the most influential games on the Atari 2600 system;[22] it introduced the jungle setting to video games. Many of the game mechanics were used in games like Prince of Persia.[4]

Pitfall!'s success brought national attention to Activision, which had become the first third-party developer for a console. Several new companies saw the potential to follow in Activision's success. While some brought in experienced talent for programming and marketing as Activision's founders had been, numerous others tried to take the same approach using newly educated programmers and without a strong business model, and most titles produced from these lines were of poor quality. The volume of games released by the end of 1982 flooded the market, and was a contributing factor towards the video game crash of 1983.[25]

Sequels

Crane produced an Atari 2600 sequel, Pitfall II: Lost Caverns, in 1983.

The Pitfall! series appeared on the Nintendo Entertainment System in November 1987, in the form of Super Pitfall which is a reworking of Pitfall II: Lost Caverns.[26]

In 1985, Activision licensed Pitfall! to Sega, who made an arcade version of Lost Caverns. The game was thoroughly remade with a first level resembling the original Pitfall!, a second level resembling the caverns of Pitfall II, and later levels that were completely original. This version was adapted for the SG-1000. Pitfall! was produced for the Commodore 64 and Apple II home computers using Garry Kitchen's GameMaker, primarily as a demonstration of the game building software.

Pitfall: The Mayan Adventure, which was closer to 16-bit platformers than to the Atari 2600 games, made its debut on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System and Mega Drive/Genesis in 1994. It later appeared on the Sega CD and Sega 32X consoles. The game was ported to the Windows 95 operating system and the Atari Jaguar in 1995. Its most recent re-release was in 2001, on the Game Boy Advance. The Mayan Adventure includes the original Pitfall! game as an easter egg.

In 1998, Pitfall 3D: Beyond the Jungle, featuring the voice of Bruce Campbell as Pitfall Harry Jr., was released for the PlayStation and Game Boy Color (without the 3D designation). In 2004, a fourth sequel was released for PlayStation 2, GameCube, and Xbox, Pitfall: The Lost Expedition. The game includes both the original Pitfall! and Pitfall II games. A port of The Lost Expedition, Pitfall: The Big Adventure, was released for the Wii on September 23, 2008.[27]

In May, 2010, Pitfall! was released on Microsoft's Game Room service for its Xbox 360 console and for Windows-based PCs. It was also ported as both a Game Room and Xbox Live title on Windows Phone in February 2011.[28]

On August 9, 2012, Activision released Pitfall! for iOS, on the iPhone, iPad, and iPod Touch. On December 21, Activision released Pitfall! for Android as a free app. This version of the game departed from the 2D graphics seen in the original, and instead used 3D graphics. Gameplay was also altered; the game was an endless runner in the style of Temple Run.[29]

That same month, Crane announced a Kickstarter for Jungleventure, a spiritual successor to the original games. His goal was to raise US$900,000.[30] The project failed to reach its target, raising only $31,207.[31] Crane said the reason was because people thought he was asking for too much money and that "everyone turned against me as soon as they saw [the price]."[32]

In 1983, Pitfall! made its animated television debut as a segment on the CBS Saturday Supercade cartoon lineup, under the name Pitfall Harry. The plotline involves Harry (voiced by Robert Ridgely), his niece Rhonda (Noelle North), and his cowardly mountain lion Quickclaw (Kenneth Mars) searching for hidden treasure.[33] After only one season, Pitfall Harry, Frogger, and Donkey Kong Jr. were replaced by Kangaroo and Space Ace.

References
  1. Marriott, Scott Alan. "Pitfall! - Overview". AllGame. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  2. Levi Buchanan (August 26, 2008). "Top 10 Best-Selling Atari 2600 Games". IGN. Retrieved September 24, 2008.
  3. Bogost, Ian; Montfort, Nick (2009). Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01257-7.
  4. Fox, Matt (2013). "Pitfall!". The Video Games Guide: 1,000+ Arcade, Console and Computer Games, 1962-2012 (2nd ed.). McFarland. p. 216. ISBN 9781476600673.
  5. Bogost & Montfort (2009), p. 113.
  6. "GDC 2011 Panel: Pitfall Classic Postmortem With David Crane". GDC Vault. Retrieved June 23, 2013.
  7. EveryGameGoing.com Archived July 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  8. WorldOfDragon.org
  9. lemon64.com
  10. Hilliard, Kyle (October 26, 2013). "Activision Badges – The Original Gaming Achievement". Game Informer. Retrieved April 10, 2016.
  11. "Jack Black: On Music, Mayhem And Murder". Fresh Air. April 23, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
  12. Marriott, Scott Alan. "Pitfall! - Review". AllGame. Archived from the original on December 10, 2014. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  13. "The Hotseat: Reviews of New Products" (PDF). Arcade Express. Vol. 1 no. 2. August 30, 1982. pp. 6–7 [6]. Retrieved February 3, 2012.
  14. "The Players Guide to Fantasy Games". Electronic Games. June 1983. p. 47. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
  15. Harmetz, Aljean (January 15, 1983). "New Faces, More Profits For Video Games". Times-Union. p. 18. Retrieved February 28, 2012.
  16. Bogost & Montfort (2009), p. 99.
  17. Goodman, Danny (Spring 1983). "Home Video Games: Video Games Update". Creative Computing Video & Arcade Games. p. 32.
  18. Phil Wiswell (February 1983). "New Games From Well-Known Names". Video Games. 1 (6). p. 69. Retrieved May 26, 2014.
  19. Kunkel, Bill; Katz, Arnie (February 1983). "Arcade Alley: The Fourth Annual Arcade Awards". Video. Vol. 6 no. 11. Reese Communications. pp. 30, 108. ISSN 0147-8907.
  20. Cork, Jeff. "Game Informer's Top 100 Games Of All Time (Circa Issue 100)". Game Informer. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
  21. "The Greatest Games of All Time: Pitfall!". GameSpot. Archived from the original on October 18, 2007.
  22. Morales, Aaron (January 25, 2013). "The 10 best Atari games". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  23. Bogost & Montfort (2009), p. 107.
  24. Bogost & Montfort (2009), p. 112.
  25. Flemming, Jeffrey. "The History Of Activision". Gamasutra. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. Retrieved December 30, 2016.
  26. "Super Pitfall". IGN. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  27. "Pitfall: The Big Adventure". IGN. Archived from the original on March 5, 2012. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  28. "Game Room - Pitfall!". Game Room. Retrieved October 18, 2013.
  29. Justin Davis (August 13, 2012). "Pitfall for iOS Review". IGN. Retrieved June 25, 2013.
  30. Kohler, Chris (August 11, 2012). "Pitfall! Creator David Crane Seeks $900K to Kickstart JungleVenture". Wired. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  31. "David Crane's Jungle Adventure". Kickstarter. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  32. Gauntlett, Adam (September 7, 2012). "Jungle Adventure Headed to Kickstarter Disaster". The Escapist. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  33. "Pitfall II: Lost Caverns". Pcmuseum.ca. Retrieved August 10, 2012.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.