Kuurn Kopan Noot language

In the Western District (Victoria) ranging from the Glenelg River to Gellibrand River (and possibly further east) there existed a dialect continuum. There was no traditional name for the entire dialect continuum and it has been classified and labelled differently by different linguists and researchers. The effects of the invasion (see Eumeralla Wars) along with government policy stolen generation had a drastic and ongoing negative effect on the health of this language continuum. The dialect continuum consisted of various lects such as Kurnku Panut (Kuurn Kopan Noot), Dhauwurd wurrung, Big Wurrung, Gai Wurrung, Girai Wurrung (Keerray Woorroong), Wirngilgnad dhalinanong, Wulluwurrung (with variant spellings of each). Documentation of these varieties are varied. Today the descendants of the speakers of these lects commonly refer to themselves as Gunditjmara, a term derived from an affix used to denote membership with a specific group of locality.

Gunditjmara Dialect Continuum
Dhauwurd Wurrung
Gurnditjmara
Native toAustralia
RegionVictoria
EthnicityGunditjmara (Dhauwurd wurrung), Djargurd Wurrung, Girai wurrung, ?Gadubanud
Extinct(date missing)
Pama–Nyungan
  • Kulinic
    • Gunditjmara Dialect Continuum
Dialects
  • Kuurn-Kopan-Noot
  • Peek-Whurrung (Bi:gwurrung)
  • Koort-Kirrup
  • Dhautgart/Keerray (wurru)
  • Gaiwurrung
  • Tjarcote (Djargurd Wurrung, Warrnambool)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3Either:
gjm – Gunditjmara
wkr – Keerray-Woorroong
Glottologwarr1257
AIATSIS[2]S20 Dhauwurd Wurrung, S25 Keerray-Woorroong
ELPWarrnambool[3]

Phonology

A likely phonemic inventory for the Warrnambool language is shown below.

Consonants
Labial Dental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar
Stop p t̪ t ʈ c k
Nasal m n̪ n ɳ ɲ ŋ
Lateral l̪ l ɭ ʎ
Tap/Trill ɾ~r
Approximant ɽ
Semi-vowel j w

Rhotic consonants were not distinguished in older sources. It is unclear to determine whether the retroflex consonant was a glide or a flap. Both were written as r.

Although most Australian Aboriginal languages use three vowels /a/, /i/, and /u/, the amount of vowels are not clearly distinguished within the other sources for the Warrnambool language. There is some fluctuation between /i/ and /e/, and /u/ and /o/. In the orthography adopted by Blake, 'where there was a back vowel occurring before a syllable-final palatal, /o/ was used instead of /u/, to give a better idea of the more likely pronunciation (i.e. puroyn "night")'.[4]

Dialects

Dialects or alternative names included Kuurn-Kopan-Noot, Peek-Whurrung (Bi:gwurrung), Koort-Kirrup, Dhautgart/Keerray (wurru), Gaiwurrung, and Tjarcote (Djargurd Wurrung, Warrnambool).[1]

Significant words

Ngamadjidj

The term ngamadjidj was used to denote white people by the Gunditjmara,[5][6] with the same word used in the Wergaia dialect of the Wemba Wemba language. The word is also used to refer to ghosts, as people with pale skins were thought to be the spirits of ancestors. The first known use is to refer to William Buckley, an escaped convict who lived with the Wathaurong people near Geelong from 1803 until 1856.[7]

The term was also applied to John Green, manager at Coranderrk, an Aboriginal reserve north-east of Melbourne between 1863 and 1924. It was also recorded as being used to describe other missionaries such as William Watson in Wellington, New South Wales, by the local Wiradjuri people. The term was a compliment, as it meant that the local people thought that they had been an Aboriginal person once - based largely on the fact that they could speak the local language.[8]

Ngamadjidj is also the name given to a rock art site in a shelter in the Grampians National Park, sometimes translated as the "Cave of Ghosts".[9]

Revival Efforts

There are multiple on going efforts to revive the Gunditjmara language. These include the Gunditj Wurrung online lesson series [10] and the Laka Gunditj Language Program. [11] There are multiple proponents of the revival of the Gunditjmara language including Vicki Couzens and Corey Theatre who uses music as a medium for language revival. [12]

Gunditjmara composer, singer and guitarist, Corey Theatre in collaboration with Australian composer and music director Iain Grandage created the Gunditjmara Six Seasons. The piece is sung entirely in the Gunditjmara language and was performed in collaboration with Aboriginal (Gunditjmara and Bundjalung) Australian musician Archie Roach at the 2016 Port Fairy Spring Music Festival. [13]

Australian composer and soprano, Deborah Cheetham, wrote Australia's first requiem based on the frontier wars between Aboriginal Australian people in South Western Victoria and settlers which is sung entirely in the Gunditjmara language.[14] The first performance of the requiem, "Eumeralla, a war requiem for peace"[14] on 15 June 2019 in Melbourne featured Cheetham with the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra, the MSO Chorus and the Dhungala Children's Choir.[14]

References
  1. Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxv.
  2. S20 Dhauwurd Wurrung at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies  (see the info box for additional links)
  3. Endangered Languages Project data for Warrnambool.
  4. Blake, Barry J. (2003). The Warrnambool Language: A Consolidated Account of the Aboriginal Language of the Warrnambool Area of the Western District of Victoria based on Nineteenth-Century Sources. Canberra: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University.
  5. Clark, I. (1995). Scars in the Landscape: A Register of Massacre Sites in Western Victoria, 1803-1859. EBL ebooks online. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-85575-595-9. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  6. Clark, I. (1995). Scars in the Landscape: A Register of Massacre Sites in Western Victoria, 1803-1859. EBL ebooks online. Aboriginal Studies Press. p. 11. ISBN 978-0-85575-595-9. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  7. Dooley, G.; Clode, D. (2019). The First Wave: Exploring early coastal contact history in Australia. Wakefield Press. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-74305-615-8. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  8. Clark, Ian; Cahir, Fred (2014). "6. John Green, Manager of Coranderrk Aboriginal Station, but also a ngamadjidj? New insights into His Work with Victorian Aboriginal People in the Nineteenth Century". In Brett, Mark; Havea, J. (eds.). Colonial Contexts and Postcolonial Theologies: Storyweaving in the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 129–144. doi:10.1057/9781137475473_9. ISBN 978-1-349-50181-6. Retrieved 12 July 2020. Whole e-book
  9. "Ngamadjidj Shelter". Grampians Point. Retrieved 12 July 2020.
  10. "Gunditj Wurrung". Youtube. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  11. "Laka Gunditj Language Program". Gunditj Mirring. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  12. "Corey Theatre Keeps Traditional Language Alive". BroadSheet. Retrieved 21 January 2021.
  13. "Port Fairy Spring Music Festival mixes new and old". The Standard. Retrieved 24 January 2021.
  14. "Eumeralla, a war requiem for peace". National Indigenous Times. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.