Macro-Gunwinyguan languages

Rebecca Green (2004) reconstructed the paradigms of 28 Proto-Arnhem verbs.[1] The languages included by Green are as follows, though Green only accepts Manningrida as a demonstrated branch:[2]

• Maningrida
  • Burarra
  • Guragone
  • Djeebbana
  • Nakkara
• ? East Arnhem:
  • Nunggubuyu
  • Ngandi
  • Anindilyakwa (Enindhilyagwa)*
• ? Marran:
  • Marra
  • Warndarang †
  • ?Yugul †
  • ?Alawa*
  • ?Mangarayi †
• Kungarakany †
• Gaagudju †
• ? Gunwinyguan (Gunwinyguan proper)
  • Gunwinggic:
    • Kunwinjku (Gunwinggu, Bininj Gun-wok)
    • Gunbarlang †
  • Jawoyn (Djauan)
  • Dalabon (Ngalkbun) †
  • Jala (Rembarngic):
    • Rembarunga
    • Ngalakgan †
  • Warrayic: †
    • Waray†
    • Uwinymil†

This is close to what Evans (1997) proposed under the name Gunwinyguan (cf. his very different proposal of Arnhem Land languages.)

Marra, Warndarrang, Alawa, and Mangarrayi have been argued to constitute a Marran family of considerable time depth (Sharpe 2008).[3][4]

Heath (1990)[5] demonstrated an East Arnhem family of Ngandi + Nunggubuyu, to which Enindhilyagwa was added (as a closer relative to Nunggubuyu) by Van Egmond (2012).[6][7]

However, Green (2003) argues that only Maningrida has been established as a valid subgroup, and that the interrelationships of the other languages are as yet unclear. The evidence for Gunwinyguan and perhaps other nodes listed above may simply be reflections of a relationship of all Arnhem languages when only a subset of them was investigated. That is, these groups may be based on shared retentions of Proto-Arnhem rather than distinct historical developments. (However, in reviewing Green, Evans pointed out that much of the Maningrida morphology was also shared by Mangarrayi.[2]) An agnostic view of the family would list each language separately, except for the established Maningrida branch:

Kungarakany, Mangarrayi, Marra, Maningrida, Ngalakgan, Bininj Gun-wok (Gunwinggu), Warndarrang, Uwinymil, Gaagudju, Dalabon, Kunbarlang, Rembarrnga, Nunggubuyu, Jawoyn, Warray, Ngandi

*Green does not address Anindilyakwa, Alawa, or Yugul. Yugul is too poorly attested for comparison based on her methods; the other two await validation.

Yangmanic, including Wardaman, had once been included in Gunwinyguan, but has been removed from recent classifications.

Evans (1997) proposes that these languages are related to Pama–Nyungan in a family he calls Macro-Pama–Nyungan, but this has not yet been demonstrated.[8]

In 2003, he proposed that they are also related to the Eastern Daly languages.[9]

Capell (1940) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Gunwinyguan languages:[10]

gloss	Gunwinggu	Gunbarlang	Ngaɖi
man	biniṉ	giɖimarg	ŋarga
woman	muli‘muliŋ	baramimbaṉ	gandar
head	gungɔidj	gɔidjgɔidj	waːlu
eye	gunmin	wumu	milba
nose	gungɛb	wumɛːli	mulju
mouth	gundaŋ	djaːɖɛɽ	lira
tongue	gundjɛn	ŋaːg	djälaṉ
stomach	gunjan	mugmaɳɖi	djaːla
bone	gunmuruŋ	gɛːgɛg	gidji
blood	gungulba	moɭobin	djugän
kangaroo	gɔɳɔbɔlɔ	goːin	djädji
opossum	djɛːbui	gundärbu	djaŋana
emu	gurugaiju	maɳɖɛb
crow	waːg	djidaːwun	djäŋilga
fly	bɔːd	mog	ŋurin
sun	gunduŋ	gaːnag	bɽaŋu
moon	diːd	wurana	jagan
fire	gunɽag	wiɖidj	waɭu
smoke	gundɔlŋ	wungawu	gundjuru
water	gunɽɔin	njunjug	ŋaba

Capell (1942) lists the following additional basic vocabulary items for the Gunwinyguan languages:[11]

gloss	Southern Gunwinggu	Muralidban	Andiljaugwa	Nunggubuyu	Wandarang	Ngandi	Rainbarngo	Buan	Gundangbon
man	binin	binin	nanamamalja	nawarinjuŋ	nawaɽiji	nijul	biː	jawurin	biji
woman	dalug	ŋalwareːrulg	wudáriŋga	ŋaramaninjuŋ	ŋiwoibi	namanaŋ	diŋ‘	giɖigiɖ	girigidj
head	gungoidj	gungoidan	ariŋga	jinag	wugululu	gulaŋ	djara	gɔidj	gɔidj
eye	gunmiːm	gunmiːm	meːnba	bagaɭa	mamaguɽ	maŋandjula	gaindjulja	mïmï	mumu
nose	gungəb	gungəb	aminda	jɔmɔːr	wundjíriba	gwijiban	giːja	djɛː	djɛː
mouth	gundaŋ	gundaŋ	adira	ɽamadan	wuŋaːndal	gudagula	diːjälŋ	daːləː	dalugaɽa‘
tongue	gundjen	gundjen	aljäljigba	laːn	wudjijil	gudälŋ	diːjälŋ	dɛl	djɛn
stomach	gunjam	gunmelem	mulgwa	ŋuɖan	wuŋandja	mowara	giːna	guː	ŋu‘
bone	gunmuruŋ	gunmuruŋ	adidira	ŋagaɽa	wuŋaɽaga	guŋaɽaga	balmana	mɔː	mɔː
blood	gungulba	gungulba	meːra	wulaŋ	maŋulidji	mabaɳgo	gulbana	guraidj	gulba
kangaroo	goɳobolo	gundagi	juburáda	ŋargọ	mulbia	mulbia	bulaidj-bulaidj	guiṉ	guiṉ
opossum	djɛːbui	duri	juguŋba	jirgi	ajirgin	aɖawa	marŋo	dugula	dugula
emu	gurugaiju			wajin	ŋiwurugan	awurban		ŋuroɖo	ŋuroɖo
crow	waːg	waːg	jiŋwa	wɔːwag	waɽgwaɽg	awa‘wa	wa‘wa‘	wa‘wa‘	wa‘wa‘
fly	bɔːd	bɔːd	juwama	amun	awamun	abɔd	buad	mɔɽ	bɔːd
sun	gunduŋ	ŋalbɛnbe	mamaːwura	aɭir	ŋinguŋaru	mawaɭir	muda	walir	bɛbagar
moon	diːɖ	diːɖ	jimaːwura	labama	nadaŋadaŋa	nigurŋa	gurŋa	diɖ	gurŋa
fire	gunag	gunag	aŋuɽa	ŋuɽa	wuŋambur	gudaŋi	ŋuɽa	mimäl	mimäl
smoke	gundɔlŋ	gundɔlŋ	aŋwara	wuŋuban	wundular	gubán	dɔːɭŋ	dɔlgnɔ	djunör
water	gogo	gunɽɔːṉ	aguŋwa	agogo	wuŋaladja	gujärg	djula	waː	waː