Lâm Ấp

Lâm Ấp was founded by Khu Liên, a Cham leader who led a successful rebellion against the Han dynasty in Xianglin county (modern-day Thừa Thiên Huế province).[2] He was mentioned in the Võ Cạnh stele which was erected around 2nd or 3rd century CE. During the Three Kingdoms period of China, turmoil plagued the region of Jiaozhou. In 248, Lâm Ấp force invaded from the south, seized most of Rinan, and marched on into Jiuzhen, provoking major uprisings there and in Jiaozhi. One Jiaozhi rebel commanded thousands and invested several walled towns before Wu officials got him to surrender.[3] The maternal grandson of Khu Liên, Phạm Hùng attacked Jiaozhou with aid from Funan.[4]

In the early period of Jin dynasty, the imperial court favored the southern trade networks with prosperity kingdoms of Funan and Lâm Ấp. Along with this brief peacetime “boom” in the southern trade, Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen enjoyed some autonomy from China until the 320s.[5] Frustrated by the difficulty of trade, Lâm Ấp itself resorted from 323 to seaborne raids on northern ports in Jiaozhou.[5] In 399, Phạm Hồ Đạt invaded the coast of Jiaozhou and Rinan, and was driven back by Du Yian, the Chinese governor of Jiao.[6] In 413, he attacked Jiao again, but was defeated, captured and beheaded by Du Xuedu. In 420, Phạm Dương Mại I launched a new attack against the Jin, but was driven back and more than half of Lâm Ấp's people were slaughtered.[7] In 431, his son Phạm Dương Mại II again attacked, but again was driven back. The next year, Phạm Dương Mại II sent a embassy to the court of Liu Song asking for the appointment of Prefect of Jiao, which was declined.[6]

In February 446, the Liu Song dynasty led by T'an Ho-ch'u invaded Lâm Ấp, captured Lâm Ấp's capital (near modern Huế). The Chinese attackers plundered its eight temples and treasury, carrying off 100,000 pounds of gold.[8][7] Despite that, the revived Lâm Ấp was flourishing on the ever more lucrative passing sea trade.[8]

In 534, Jaya Rudravarman I sent embassy to China. In 543, he attacked Lý Bôn in Jiaozhou who was in revolt against the Chinese Liang dynasty but was defeated by Lý Bôn's general Phaum Tu. In 595, Phạm Phạn Chí sent a tribute gift to the Sui dynasty. In 605 Yang Chien ordered Liu Fang to invade Lâm Ấp. Chinese troops captured the Cham capital of Trà Kiệu, plundered the city. While returning to China, Liu Fang and his army were decimated by diseases.[9]

Since 629, the Chams had used the name "Champa" to refer their state.[10][1]

Archaeological excavations recovered artifacts from Go Cam, near Tra Kieu (Simhapura) dated from late second century AD to the third century show that early Lâm Ấp had a significant amount of Chinese influences before the Indianization.[11][12] These artifacts include some fragments of tiles and seal inscribed Chinese characters "Seal of the Envoy of the Yellow God,"[13] however they might be artifacts left by the previous Han Rinan government.[14]

• Khu Liên 192–220
• Phạm Hùng 220-284
• Phạm Dật 284–336
• Phạm Văn 336–349
• Phạm Phật 349–380
• Phạm Hồ Đạt 380–413
• Jaya Gangarajavarman I (Phạm Địch Chớn) ?–?
• Manorathavarman ?–?
• Jaya Gangarajavarman II (Phạm Địch Văn) ?–420
• Phạm Dương Mại I 421–431
• Phạm Dương Mại II 431–446
• Jaya Jayavarman I (Phạm Thần Thành) 455–472
• Jaya Jayavarman II (Phạm Đang Căng Thuần) 472–492
• Phạm Chư Nông 492–498
• Phạm Văn Tẩn 498–510
• Jaya Devavarman (Phạm Thiên Khởi) 510–526
• Jaya Vijayavarman 526–529
• Jaya Rudravarman I 529–572
• Jaya Sambhuvarman (Phạm Phạn Chí) 572–629

• Vickery, Michael (2009), "A short history of Champa", in Hardy, Andrew David; Cucarzi, Mauro; Zolese, Patrizia (eds.), Champa and the Archaeology of Mỹ Sơn (Vietnam), Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 45–61, ISBN 9-9716-9451-4
• Boisselier, Jean (1963). La statuaire du Champa (in French). Paris, France: École Française d'Extrême-Orient. ASIN B0014Y6TPQ.
• Aymonier, Etienne (1893). The History of Tchampa (the Cyamba of Marco Polo, Now Annam Or Cochin-China). Oriental University Institute. ISBN 978-1149974148.
• Higham, Charles (2014). Early Mainland Southeast Asia: From First Humans to Angkor. River Books. ISBN 6-1673-3944-9.
• Mariko, Yamagata (2011), "Trà Kiệu during the Second and Third Centuries CE: The Formation of Linyi from an Archaeological Perspective", in Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.), The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 81–101
• Glover, Ian (2011), "Excavations at Gò Cấm, Quảng Nam,2000–3: Linyi and the Emergence of the Cham Kingdoms", in Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.), The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 54–80
• Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
• Maspero, Georges (2002). The Champa Kingdom. White Lotus Co., Ltd. ISBN 978-9747534993.
• Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press.
• Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981). History of South East Asia. Macmillan Education, Limited.