Liam Lynch (Irish republican)

Lynch was born in the townland of Baurnagurrahy, Anglesboro, County Limerick, near Mitchelstown, County Cork, on 20 November 1892.[1] His father was Jeremiah Lynch and his mother was Mary Lynch (née Kelly), both of whom are buried in Brigown graveyard, Mitchelstown. During his first twelve years of schooling he attended Anglesboro National School. Lynch was living with his parents in Baurnagurrahy for the 1901 and 1911 censuses.[2][3]

In 1909, at the age of 17, he started an apprenticeship in O'Neill's hardware shop in Mitchelstown, where he joined the Gaelic League and the Ancient Order of Hibernians. Later he worked at Barry's Timber Yard in Fermoy. In the aftermath of the 1916 Easter Rising, he witnessed David and Thomas Kent of Bawnard House being taken through Fermoy after their arrest by the Royal Irish Constabulary. After this, he determined to dedicate his life to Irish republicanism.[4] In 1917 he was elected First Lieutenant of the Irish Volunteer Company, based in Fermoy.[5]

In Cork, Lynch re-organised the Irish Volunteers—the paramilitary organisation that became the Irish Republican Army (IRA)—in 1919, becoming commandant of the Cork No. 2 Brigade of the IRA during the guerrilla Anglo-Irish War. Lynch helped capture a senior British officer, General Cuthbert Lucas, in June 1920, shooting a Colonel Danford in the incident. Lucas later escaped while being held by IRA men in County Clare. Lynch was captured, together with the other officers of the Cork No. 2 Brigade, in a British raid on Cork City Hall in August 1920.

Terence McSwiney, Lord Mayor of Cork, was among those captured; he later died on hunger strike in protest at his detention. Lynch, however, gave a false name and was released three days later. In the meantime, the British had killed two other innocent men named Lynch, whom they had confused with him. Having "made himself a leader out of force of his own convictions ... possessed by a sense of mission and by revolutionary ardour",[6] Lynch believed independence could only be "hewed" by the army.

In September 1920, Lynch, along with Ernie O'Malley, commanded a force that took the British Army barracks at Mallow. The arms in the barracks were seized and the building partially burnt. Before the end of 1920, Lynch's brigade had successfully ambushed British troops on two other occasions. Lynch's guerrilla campaign continued into early 1921, with some successes such as the ambush and killing of 13 British soldiers near Millstreet.

In April 1921, the IRA was re-organised into divisions based on regions. Lynch's reputation was such that he was made commander of the 1st Southern Division. From April 1921 until the Truce that ended the war in July 1921, Lynch's command was put under increasing pressure by the deployment of more British troops into the area and the British use of small mobile units to counter IRA guerrilla tactics. Lynch was no longer in command of the Cork No. 2 Brigade, for he had to travel in secret to each of the nine IRA Brigades in Munster. By the time of the Truce, the IRA under Liam Lynch was increasingly hard-pressed and short of arms and ammunition. He therefore welcomed the Truce as a respite; however, he expected the war to continue after it ended.

The war formally ended with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty between the Irish negotiating team and the British government in December 1921. Lynch was opposed to the Treaty, on the ground that it disestablished the Irish Republic proclaimed in 1916 in favour of Dominion status for Ireland within the British Empire. He became Chief of Staff in March 1922 of the IRA, much of which was also against the Treaty.

Lynch, however, did not want a split in the republican movement and hoped to reach a compromise with those who supported the Treaty ("Free Staters") by the publication of a republican constitution for the new Irish Free State. But the British would not accept this, as the Treaty had only just been signed and ratified, leading to a bitter split in Irish ranks and ultimately civil war.

Although Lynch opposed the seizure of the Four Courts in Dublin by a group of hardline republicans, he joined its garrison in June 1922 when it was attacked by the newly formed National Army. This marked the beginning of the Irish Civil War. Lynch was arrested by the Free State forces but was allowed to leave Dublin, on the understanding that he would try and halt the fighting. Instead, he quickly began organising resistance elsewhere.

With the capture of Joe McKelvey at the Four Courts, Liam Lynch resumed the position of Chief-of-Staff of the Anti-Treaty IRA forces (also called the "Irregulars"), which McKelvey had temporarily taken over. Lynch wished to establish a "Munster Republic", which he believed would frustrate the creation of the Free State.

The "Munster Republic" would be defended by the "Limerick-Waterford Line", which consisted of, moving from east to west, the city of Waterford, the towns of Carrick-on-Suir, Clonmel, Fethard, Cashel, Golden, and Tipperary, ending in the city of Limerick, where Lynch established his headquarters. He led its defence in July, but it fell to Free State troops on 20 July 1922.

Lynch retreated further south and set up his new headquarters at Fermoy. The "Munster Republic" fell in August 1922, when Free State troops landed by sea in Cork and Kerry. Cork City was taken on 8 August, and Lynch abandoned Fermoy the next day. The Anti-Treaty forces then dispersed and pursued guerrilla tactics. His opponent Michael Collins was assassinated at Béal na mBláth, Cork on 22 August, a week after the death of Arthur Griffith.

Lynch contributed to the growing bitterness of the war by issuing what were known as the "orders of frightfulness" against the Provisional government on 30 November 1922. This General Order sanctioned the killing of Free State TDs (members of Parliament) and Senators, as well as certain judges and newspaper editors in reprisal for the Free State's killing of captured republicans. The first republican prisoners to be executed were four IRA men captured with arms on 14 November 1922, followed by the execution of republican leader Erskine Childers on 17 November.

Lynch then issued his orders, which were acted upon by IRA men, who killed TD Sean Hales and wounded another TD outside the Dáil. In reprisal, the Free State immediately shot four republican leaders, Rory O'Connor, Liam Mellows, Dick Barrett and Joe McKelvey. This led to a cycle of atrocities on both sides, including the Free State official execution of 77 republican prisoners and "unofficial" killing of roughly 150 other captured republicans. Lynch's men for their part launched a concerted campaign against the homes of Free State members of parliament.

Among the acts they carried out were the burning of the house of TD Seán McGarry, resulting in the death of his seven-year-old son, and the murder of Free State minister Kevin O'Higgins' elderly father and the burning of the O'Higgins family homestead at Stradbally in early 1923. Lynch wrote to Éamon de Valera that "Free State supporters are traitors and deserve the latter's stark fate".[7]

Lynch was heavily criticised by some republicans, notably O'Malley, for his failure to co-ordinate their war effort and for letting the conflict peter out into inconclusive guerrilla warfare. Lynch made unsuccessful efforts to import mountain artillery from Germany to turn the tide of the war.[7]

In March 1923, the Anti-Treaty IRA Army Executive met in a remote location in the Nire Valley. Several members of the executive proposed ending the civil war; however, Lynch opposed them and narrowly carried a vote to continue the war. Lynch, when killed, was carrying documents that appeared to call for the end of the war.[7]

On 10 April 1923, a National Army unit was seen approaching Lynch's secret headquarters in the Knockmealdown Mountains. Lynch was in possession of important papers that he knew had to not fall into enemy hands, so he and his six comrades attempted to evade them. To their shock, they ran into another unit of 50 National Army soldiers approaching from the opposite direction. Lynch was shortly afterwards hit by rifle fire from the road at the foot of the hill. Knowing the value of the papers they carried, he ordered his men to leave him behind.[8] When the National Army soldiers reached Lynch they initially believed him to be Éamon de Valera, but he informed them – "I am Liam Lynch, Chief-of-Staff of the Irish Republican Army. Get me a priest and doctor. I'm dying."[9][10] He was carried on an improvised stretcher manufactured from guns to "Nugents" pub in Newcastle at the foot of the mountains and was later brought to the hospital in Clonmel, where he died that evening at 8 pm. He was buried two days later at Kilcrumper Cemetery, near Fermoy, County Cork.

According to historian Tom Mahon, the Irish Civil War was "effectively ended" by the shot that killed Liam Lynch. Twenty days later, Lynch's successor, Frank Aiken, gave the order to "Surrender and dump arms."[11]

On 7 April 1935, 12 years later, the anti-Treaty Government of Éamon de Valera erected a 60-foot-high (18 m) round tower monument on the spot (52°15′6.43″N 7°51′26.16″W) where Lynch was thought to have fallen in the Knockmealdown Mountains. The Irish Defence Forces barracks at Kilworth, County Cork, is named Camp Ó Liongsigh after Liam Lynch.

The bloodied tunic worn by Lynch on the day he was shot is on permanent display at the National Museum at Collins Barracks in Dublin. The Good Friday Agreement, which ended The Troubles in Northern Ireland, was signed on the 75th anniversary of Lynch's death, on 10 April 1998.[12]

Liam Lynch: Victim of the Irish Civil War on updated Wild Geese website

• Hopkinson, M Green against Green, the Irish Civil War (Dublin 1988)
• Walsh, P.V The Irish Civil War 1922–23 – A Study of the Conventional Phase
• Ryan, Meda, The Real Chief: The Story of Liam Lynch (Cork 1986)
• O'Donoghue, Florence, No Other Law- The Story of Liam Lynch and the Irish Republican Army, 1916–1923 (Dublin 1954, 1986)
• O'Farrell, P Who's Who in the Irish War of Independence & Civil
• Borgonovo, J, The Battle for Cork July–August 1922

• Letters of Liam Lynch
• Liam Lynch Dead
• The Irish War
• Liam Lynch (Liam ui Loinsigh)
• Irish Republican Brotherhood
• Liam Lynch: Victim of the Irish Civil War